Exploring Eating Habits, Healthy Food Awareness, and Inclination toward Functional Foods of Italian Elderly People through Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATIs)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Deep Interview Questionnaire
2.2.1. Socio-Demographic and Health Status Self-Assessment
2.2.2. Foods Consumption Frequency, Healthiness Assessment of Foods, and Bioactive Food Components
2.2.3. Expectations about Functional Foods Healthy Benefits
2.2.4. Appreciation of Possible Functional Food
2.2.5. Co-Creation Task: Sensory Attributes Selection for an Acceptable, Functional Food
2.3. Statistic Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic and Health Status Self-Assessment
3.2. Foods Frequency Consumption and Healthiness Assessment of Foods and Food Ingredients
3.3. Expectations about Functional Foods Healthy Benefits
3.4. Appreciation of Possible Functional Food
3.5. Co-Creation Task: Sensory Attributes Selection for an Acceptable, Functional Food
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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65–74 | ≥75 | TOT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early Elderly (n = 239) 46.8% | Late Elderly (n = 272) 53.2% | (n = 511) | |||
Female (n = 130) | Male (n = 109) | Female (n = 157) | Male (n = 115) | ||
Gender and Age | 25.4% | 21.3% | 30.7% | 22.5% | 100% |
Geographical areas (Italy) | |||||
North | 40.8% | 39.4% | 55.4% | 55.7% | 48.3% |
Central | 20.0% | 23.9% | 20.4% | 19.1% | 20.7% |
South and Islands | 39.2% | 36.7% | 24.2% | 25.2% | 30.9% |
Level of education | |||||
Primary school | 33.8% | 29.4% | 45.2% | 36.5% | 37.0% |
High school | 41.5% | 43.1% | 42.0% | 37.4% | 41.1% |
University | 24.6% | 27.5% | 12.7% | 26.1% | 21.9% |
Residence | |||||
Urban | 45.4% | 49.5% | 45.9% | 54.8% | 48.5% |
Suburb | 27.7% | 24.8% | 28.7% | 25.2% | 26.8% |
Rural | 19.2% | 22.0% | 17.2% | 16.5% | 18.6% |
Other (town, mountain, seaside) | 7.7% | 3.7% | 8.3% | 3.5% | 6.1% |
Healthy Diet | Health Status | Exercise Routine | |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 7.73 | 7.13 | 6.08 |
Gender and Age groups | |||
EEF | 7.73 | 7.26 | 5.73 bc |
LEF | 7.64 | 7 | 5.35 c |
EEM | 7.82 | 7.06 | 6.81 a |
LEM | 7.73 | 7.21 | 6.44 ab |
Age | |||
Gender | *** | ||
Age × Gender |
Gender and Age Groups | FOOD Category | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit | Vegetable | Legumes | Bread | Pasta | Sweets | Red/Cured Meat | White Meat | Sea Food | Eggs | Cheese | Butter | Yogurt | Evoo | Wine | Tea | Spices | |
p | ** | ** | |||||||||||||||
EEF | 4.68 | 4.63 a | 3.35 | 4.49 | 3.9 b | 3.05 | 2.88 | 3.35 | 3.26 | 2.94 | 3.33 | 2.01 | 3.03 a | 4.93 a | 2.56 c | 3.00 | 3.26 a |
LEF | 4.76 | 4.40 ab | 3.26 | 4.38 | 4.01 ab | 3.21 | 2.95 | 3.34 | 3.11 | 2.88 | 3.66 | 2.20 | 2.63 ab | 4.82 a | 2.85 bc | 2.85 | 3.04 ab |
EEM | 4.73 | 4.24 b | 3.47 | 4.51 | 4.19 ab | 2.96 | 3.10 | 3.42 | 3.36 | 2.91 | 3.62 | 2.00 | 2.54 b | 4.61 b | 3.27 ab | 2.58 | 3.07 ab |
LEM | 4.78 | 4.36 ab | 3.27 | 4.53 | 4.30 a | 2.92 | 2.99 | 3.41 | 3.12 | 2.94 | 3.70 | 2.00 | 2.57 ab | 4.76 ab | 3.78 a | 2.59 | 2.74 b |
Age | * | * | * | * | |||||||||||||
Gender | ** | *** | * | ** | *** | * | * | ||||||||||
Age × Gender | * | * |
Gender and Age Groups | FOOD Category | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit | Vegetables | Legumes | Bread | Pasta | Sweets | Red/Cured Meat | White Meat | Seafood | Eggs | Cheese | Butter | Yogurt | Evoo | Wine | Tea | Spices | |||||||||||
p | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | *** | ** | *** | *** | * | ** | ** | |||||||||||||||
EEF | 9.36 a | 9.51 a | 8.97 a | 7.37 | 7.82 | 5.07 | 4.83 b | 7.40 ab | 9.06 a | 7.46 a | 6.73 | 4.57 | 7.85 a | 9.45 a | 5.73 b | 7.57 a | 6.36 a | ||||||||||
LEF | 9.24 a | 9.22 ab | 8.51 b | 7.79 | 7.71 | 5.68 | 5.74 a | 7.91 a | 8.87 a | 7.30 a | 6.96 | 5.05 | 7.98 a | 9.48 a | 5.97 ab | 7.12 ab | 5.91 ab | ||||||||||
EEM | 8.99 ab | 9.05 b | 8.60 ab | 7.49 | 7.61 | 5.33 | 5.53 a | 7.58 ab | 8.94 a | 6.98 ab | 6.64 | 4.86 | 7.50 ab | 9.03 b | 6.11 ab | 7.07 ab | 5.92 ab | ||||||||||
LEM | 8.70 b | 8.61 c | 7.76 c | 7.57 | 7.79 | 5.28 | 5.65 a | 7.14 b | 8.18 b | 6.73 b | 6.71 | 4.51 | 6.79 b | 8.94 b | 6.73 a | 6.36 b | 5.21 b | ||||||||||
Age | ** | *** | ** | *** | * | * | |||||||||||||||||||||
Gender | *** | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ** | ** | ||||||||||||||||
Age × Gender | * | ** | * | * |
Gender and Age Groups | Diabetes | Overweight | Hypercholesterolemia | Hypertension | Bowel Disorders | Digestive Disorders | Anemia | Loss of Strenght | Memory Decline | Soreness | Inflamations | Anxiety Agitation | Insomnia | Impaired Vision | Loss of Hearing | Low Mood |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | *** | * | * | ** | ** | * | ** | ||||
EEF | 9.19 a | 9.11 a | 8.93 a | 8.77 a | 9.09 a | 8.71 | 8.82 ab | 8.80 a | 8.64 | 7.91 ab | 7.94 | 8.11 ab | 8.25 ab | 8.24 ab | 7.42 | 8.87 ab |
LEF | 9.00 ab | 8.87 a | 8.72 ab | 8.88 a | 8.81 ab | 8.8 | 9.06 a | 8.74 ab | 8.49 | 8.17 a | 8.26 | 8.36 a | 8.53 a | 8.35 a | 7.62 | 9.08 a |
EEM | 8.72 ab | 8.68 ab | 8.66 ab | 8.54 ab | 8.51 b | 8.41 | 8.42 bc | 8.27 b | 7.97 | 7.27 b | 7.62 | 7.60 b | 7.66 b | 7.55 b | 7.01 | 8.34 b |
LEM | 8.51 b | 8.27 b | 8.33 b | 8.16 b | 8.49 b | 8.36 | 8.07 c | 8.35 ab | 8.08 | 7.64 ab | 7.86 | 7.64 b | 7.70 b | 7.81 ab | 7.35 | 8.51 b |
Age | ||||||||||||||||
Gender | ** | ** | * | ** | *** | ** | *** | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** | ** | *** | ||
Age × Gender | * |
Gender and Age Groups | Food Category | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit | Vegetables | Legumes | Bread | Pasta | Sweet | Ice Cream | Meat | Cheese | Yogurt | Drink | Tea | |
p | * | |||||||||||
EEF | 8.91 | 8.66 | 8.11 | 7.22 | 7.31 | 6.27 a | 6.33 | 5.52 | 6.51 | 6.87 a | 6.02 | 6.41 |
LEF | 8.66 | 8.39 | 7.52 | 7.09 | 7.20 | 6.01 ab | 6.12 | 6.05 | 6.40 | 6.27 ab | 6.21 | 6.20 |
EEM | 8.59 | 8.22 | 8.05 | 7.25 | 7.50 | 5.93 ab | 6.37 | 6.12 | 6.62 | 6.35 ab | 6.34 | 5.71 |
LEM | 8.51 | 8.17 | 7.56 | 7.49 | 7.33 | 5.21 b | 5.55 | 6.10 | 6.61 | 5.84 b | 6.63 | 5.77 |
Age | ** | * | ||||||||||
Gender | * | * | ||||||||||
Age × Gender |
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Share and Cite
Daniele, G.M.; Medoro, C.; Lippi, N.; Cianciabella, M.; Magli, M.; Predieri, S.; Versari, G.; Volpe, R.; Gatti, E. Exploring Eating Habits, Healthy Food Awareness, and Inclination toward Functional Foods of Italian Elderly People through Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATIs). Nutrients 2024, 16, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060762
Daniele GM, Medoro C, Lippi N, Cianciabella M, Magli M, Predieri S, Versari G, Volpe R, Gatti E. Exploring Eating Habits, Healthy Food Awareness, and Inclination toward Functional Foods of Italian Elderly People through Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATIs). Nutrients. 2024; 16(6):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060762
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniele, Giulia Maria, Chiara Medoro, Nico Lippi, Marta Cianciabella, Massimiliano Magli, Stefano Predieri, Giuseppe Versari, Roberto Volpe, and Edoardo Gatti. 2024. "Exploring Eating Habits, Healthy Food Awareness, and Inclination toward Functional Foods of Italian Elderly People through Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATIs)" Nutrients 16, no. 6: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060762