Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Mental Health in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Plasma PUFA Levels
2.3. Outcome
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All Participants (N = 102,252) | Total PUFA Quartiles | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 a (N = 25,566) | Q2 (N = 25,563) | Q3 (N = 25,562) | Q4 (N = 25,561) | |||
Age, years | <0.001 | |||||
<60 | 57,863 (56.6%) | 15,262 (59.7%) | 15,138 (59.2%) | 14,344 (56.1%) | 13,119 (51.3%) | |
≥60 | 44,389 (43.4%) | 10,304 (40.3%) | 10,425 (40.8%) | 11,218 (43.9%) | 12,442 (48.7%) | |
Sex | <0.001 | |||||
Female | 54,440 (53.2%) | 10,218 (40.0%) | 12,939 (50.6%) | 14,668 (57.4%) | 16,615 (65.0%) | |
Male | 47,812 (46.8%) | 15,348 (60.0%) | 12,624 (49.4%) | 10,894 (42.6%) | 8946 (35.0%) | |
IMD b | <0.001 | |||||
Low | 51,102 (50.0%) | 12,030 (47.1%) | 12,766 (49.9%) | 13,139 (51.4%) | 13,167 (51.5%) | |
High | 51,150 (50.0%) | 13,536 (52.9%) | 12,797 (50.1%) | 12,423 (48.6%) | 12,394 (48.5%) | |
WHR c | <0.001 | |||||
Ideal | 52,390 (51.3%) | 12,182 (47.8%) | 13,420 (52.6%) | 13,655 (53.5%) | 13,133 (51.5%) | |
Poor | 49,661 (48.7%) | 13,323 (52.2%) | 12,094 (47.4%) | 11,864 (46.5%) | 12,380 (48.5%) | |
Lifestyle | ||||||
No current smoking | 91,768 (90.2%) | 22501 (88.5%) | 22921 (90.1%) | 23114 (90.8%) | 23232 (91.4%) | <0.001 |
Regular physical activity d | 45,807 (55.2%) | 11,254 (53.8%) | 11,576 (55.5%) | 11,579 (55.7%) | 11,398 (55.8%) | <0.001 |
Healthy sleep pattern e | 55,776 (54.5%) | 13,987 (54.7%) | 14,106 (55.2%) | 13,930 (54.5%) | 13,753 (53.8%) | 0.017 |
Healthy diet f | 39,164 (38.3%) | 8978 (35.1%) | 9491 (37.1%) | 10,039 (39.3%) | 10,656 (41.7%) | <0.001 |
Blood biomarkers | ||||||
SBP, mmHg | 137.86 (18.55) | 135.12 (18.23) | 137.03 (18.49) | 138.63 (18.46) | 140.65 (18.57) | <0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 82.15 (10.12) | 80.69 (10.17) | 81.92 (10.12) | 82.58 (10.04) | 83.41 (9.98) | <0.001 |
Blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.11 (1.19) | 5.18 (1.43) | 5.08 (1.14) | 5.07 (1.05) | 5.10 (1.09) | <0.001 |
Mental Disorders a | Per Quartile, mmol/L | Per IQR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
Total PUFAs b | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 a | Reference | 0.85 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.85) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.84) | 0.87 (0.84, 0.92) |
Model 2 b | Reference | 0.85 (0.77, 0.95) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.85) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.93) |
Model 3 c | Reference | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.87) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.99 (0.88, 1.10) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.92) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) |
Omega-3 PUFAs c | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.86 (0.79, 0.95) | 0.85 (0.78, 0.94) | 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.91 (0.82, 1.00) | 0.85 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
DHA d | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) | 0.73 (0.66, 0.80) | 0.87 (0.84, 0.91) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.89) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.96) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.89 (0.79, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.84) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.91 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.88) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) |
Omega-6 PUFAs e | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.84) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.86) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.94) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) |
Model 2 | Reference | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) |
Model 3 | Reference | 1.00 (0.89, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.96) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.97) |
LA f | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.83 (0.75, 0.91) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.89) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.82) | 0.86 (0.83, 0.90) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.75 (0.67, 0.84) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.91) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.87) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.94) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.95 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.03) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.96 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) |
Mental Disorders a | Per Quintile, mmol/L | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |
Total PUFAs b | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.82 (0.73, 0.90) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | 0.71 (0.64, 0.79) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 0.67 (0.59, 0.76) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.97) | 0.68 (0.59, 0.78) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.94 (0.84, 1.04) | 0.89 (0.80, 1.00) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.90) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) |
Omega-3 PUFAs c | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.88 (0.79, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.94) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.91 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.91 (0.82, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) |
DHA d | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.81) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.92) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83) |
Model 2 | Reference | 1.02 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) |
Model 3 | Reference | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) |
Omega-6 PUFAs e | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.86) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.84) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.85) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.79) | 0.77 (0.68, 0.87) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.88) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.82) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.89 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.92) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) |
LA f | |||||
Depressive disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.83) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.81) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.81) | 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.83) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) | 0.73 (0.63, 0.83) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.87) |
Anxiety disorder | |||||
Model 1 | Reference | 0.99 (0.89, 1.1) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) |
Model 2 | Reference | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) |
Model 3 | Reference | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) |
Plasma PUFAs | Mental Disorders | Age a | P for Interaction b | Sex | P for Interaction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total PUFAs | Depressive disorder | <60 | 0.75 (0.63, 0.88) | 0.269 | Male | 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) | 0.352 |
≥60 | 0.85 (0.72, 1.02) | Female | 0.82 (0.70, 0.97) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | <60 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.348 | Male | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) | 0.038 | |
≥60 | 0.78 (0.65, 0.92) | Female | 0.91 (0.78, 1.08) | ||||
Omega-3 PUFAs | Depressive disorder | <60 | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94) | 0.040 | Male | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) | 0.436 |
≥60 | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | Female | 0.83 (0.71, 0.98) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | <60 | 0.90 (0.76, 1.06) | 0.984 | Male | 0.72 (0.59, 0.87) | 0.072 | |
≥60 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | Female | 0.93 (0.79, 1.08) | ||||
DHA | Depressive disorder | <60 | 0.73 (0.62, 0.87) | 0.031 | Male | 0.74 (0.60, 0.92) | 0.667 |
≥60 | 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) | Female | 0.82 (0.69, 0.96) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | <60 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.556 | Male | 0.70 (0.56, 0.87) | 0.235 | |
≥60 | 0.83 (0.69, 0.99) | Female | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | ||||
Omega-6 PUFAs | Depressive disorder | <60 | 0.76 (0.64, 0.89) | 0.615 | Male | 0.73 (0.60, 0.88) | 0.186 |
≥60 | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) | Female | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | <60 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.496 | Male | 0.75 (0.61, 0.93) | 0.069 | |
≥60 | 0.81 (0.68, 0.96) | Female | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | ||||
LA | Depressive disorder | <60 | 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) | 0.566 | Male | 0.68 (0.56, 0.83) | 0.103 |
≥60 | 0.81 (0.68, 0.97) | Female | 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | <60 | 0.84 (0.70, 1.00) | 0.763 | Male | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.136 | |
≥60 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) | Female | 0.90 (0.77, 1.06) |
Plasma PUFAs | Mental Disorders | INFLA Score a | P for Interaction b | MetS | P for Interaction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total PUFAs | Depressive disorder | Low | 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) | 0.670 | Yes | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.123 |
High | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) | No | 0.88 (0.75, 1.04) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | Low | 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) | 0.757 | Yes | 0.74 (0.61, 0.89) | 0.073 | |
High | 0.79 (0.67, 0.94) | No | 0.91 (0.77, 1.06) | ||||
Omega-3 PUFAs | Depressive disorder | Low | 0.91 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.371 | Yes | 0.77 (0.64, 0.93) | 0.107 |
High | 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) | No | 0.92 (0.78, 1.07) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | Low | 0.79 (0.66, 0.93) | 0.256 | Yes | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.319 | |
High | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | No | 0.88 (0.75, 1.02) | ||||
DHA | Depressive disorder | Low | 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) | 0.331 | Yes | 0.71 (0.58, 0.87) | 0.090 |
High | 0.78 (0.66, 0.94) | No | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | Low | 0.70 (0.59, 0.84) | 0.074 | Yes | 0.69 (0.56, 0.85) | 0.170 | |
High | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | No | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | ||||
Omega-6 PUFAs | Depressive disorder | Low | 0.77 (0.65, 0.91) | 0.424 | Yes | 0.74 (0.62, 0.89) | 0.227 |
High | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | No | 0.84 (0.71, 0.98) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | Low | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 0.644 | Yes | 0.78 (0.65, 0.95) | 0.127 | |
High | 0.80 (0.67, 0.95) | No | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | ||||
LA | Depressive disorder | Low | 0.74 (0.62, 0.87) | 0.256 | Yes | 0.75 (0.62, 0.89) | 0.464 |
High | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | No | 0.80 (0.68, 0.94) | ||||
Anxiety disorder | Low | 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) | 0.942 | Yes | 0.84 (0.69, 1.01) | 0.473 | |
High | 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) | No | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) |
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Li, Y.; Hua, L.; Ran, Q.; Gu, J.; Bao, Y.; Sun, J.; Wu, L.; He, M.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, J.; et al. Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Mental Health in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults. Nutrients 2024, 16, 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234065
Li Y, Hua L, Ran Q, Gu J, Bao Y, Sun J, Wu L, He M, Zhang Y, Gu J, et al. Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Mental Health in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults. Nutrients. 2024; 16(23):4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234065
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yongxuan, Li Hua, Qingqing Ran, Jiawei Gu, Yujia Bao, Jinli Sun, Lan Wu, Mu He, Yuzheng Zhang, Jinxin Gu, and et al. 2024. "Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Mental Health in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults" Nutrients 16, no. 23: 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234065
APA StyleLi, Y., Hua, L., Ran, Q., Gu, J., Bao, Y., Sun, J., Wu, L., He, M., Zhang, Y., Gu, J., & Ran, J. (2024). Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Mental Health in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults. Nutrients, 16(23), 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234065