Comparing Nutrient Profiles of Meat and Fish with Plant-Based Alternatives: Analysis of Nutrients, Ingredients, and Fortification Patterns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods: Food Composition Databases
2.1. Meat and Poultry from SR28 Legacy Database (SR28)
2.2. Plant-Based Alternatives from USDA Branded Food Products Database (BFPD)
2.3. Fish and Plant-Based Alternatives from Frida Food Database (Frida) and Mintel
2.4. Nutrient Profiling of Meat, Poultry, Fish, and MFA Products
2.5. Plan of Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Raw Beef, Pork, and Chicken Meats Compared to MFA Products
Beef | Pork | Chicken | MFA Products | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | |
Energy (kcal) | 350 | 183 | 79 | 61 | 166 | 61 | 39 | 171 | 57 | 118 | 205 † | 80 |
Water (g) | 350 | 67.8 | 7.53 | 61 | 70.1 | 5.8 | 39 | 70.6 | 5.34 | 5 | 61.7 † | 8.60 |
Protein (g) | 350 | 20.4 | 2.59 | 61 | 20.1 | 2.3 | 39 | 18.9 †* | 2.18 | 118 | 17.4 † | 7.97 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 350 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 61 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 39 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 118 | 16.7 † | 10.3 |
Total sugar (g) | 350 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 118 | 4.05 † | 5.45 |
Fiber (g) | 350 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 39 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 114 | 3.86 † | 2.07 |
Total fat (g) | 350 | 11.0 | 9.86 | 61 | 9.01 † | 7.74 | 39 | 10.0 † | 7.09 | 118 | 8.12 † | 6.60 |
SAFA (g) | 350 | 4.37 | 3.90 | 60 | 3.00 | 2.75 | 39 | 2.77 † | 2.05 | 115 | 1.38 † | 4.68 |
MUFA (g) | 350 | 4.95 | 4.73 | 61 | 3.69 † | 3.26 | 39 | 3.98 † | 3.10 | 32 | 2.05 † | 1.79 |
PUFA (g) | 350 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 61 | 1.18 | 1.11 | 39 | 2.18 † | 1.49 | 32 | 2.56 † | 2.40 |
Sodium (mg) | 350 | 59.8 | 0.64 | 61 | 79.1 | 51.2 | 39 | 82.1 | 28.8 | 118 | 660 † | 401 |
Iron (mg) | 350 | 1.97 | 0.40 | 61 | 0.78 | 0.19 | 39 | 0.95 | 0.35 | 113 | 2.69 † | 1.80 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 319 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 61 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 39 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 11 ** | 0.16 | 0.11 |
Vitamin B3 (mg) | 319 | 4.99 | 1.30 | 61 | 5.85 | 1.44 | 39 | 6.47 | 1.81 | 7 | 4.41 | 0.89 |
Vitamin B5 (µg) | 287 | 0.54 | 0.19 | 61 | 0.86 | 0.26 | 38 | 0.98 | 0.23 | 8 | 0.74 | 0.21 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 319 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 61 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 39 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 11 | 0.22 | 0.15 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 319 | 2.24 | 0.92 | 61 | 0.61 † | 0.19 | 39 | 0.47 † | 0.24 | 12 | 0.95 | 0.76 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 212 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 51 | 0.56 | 0.37 | 16 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 33 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Zinc (mg) | 319 | 4.73 | 1.51 | 61 | 2.08 | 0.52 | 39 | 1.44 | 0.43 | 13 | 2.77 | 1.23 |
Selenium (µg) | 319 | 20.9 | 6.89 | 61 | 30.7 | 6.68 | 39 | 16.2 | 3.57 | 0 | -- | -- |
Cholesterol (mg) | 350 | 65.2 | 8.44 | 61 | 63.7 | 6.48 | 39 | 81.0 | 14.3 | 0 | -- | -- |
3.2. MFA Burgers and Chicken Products
3.3. Nutrient Profiling of Raw Meat and MFA Products by Category
3.4. Analysis of BFPD Ingredient Lists for MFA Micronutrient Fortification Patterns
3.5. Nutrient Composition of Fish and Seafood and Plant-Based Alternatives in Frida Database
3.6. Nutrient Density of Fish and Seafood and Plant-Based Alternatives in Frida
3.7. Analysis of Ingredient Lists in Mintel for MFA Micronutrient Fortification Patterns
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient | Counts | Ingredient | Counts |
---|---|---|---|
Salt, sea salt | 118 | Vitamin B1 (thiamin) | 14 |
Isolate, concentrate | 76 | Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 14 |
Gluten | 69 | Vitamin B9 (folic acid) | 14 |
Added sugar | 59 | Vitamin B12 | 7 |
Methylcellulose | 26 | Calcium | 22 |
Maltodextrin | 17 | Iron | 16 |
Magnesium | 10 | ||
Zinc | 7 |
Fish and Seafood | Fish/Seafood Alternatives | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
Energy (kcal) | 68 | 108 | 47 | 12 | 163 † | 44 |
Water (g) | 68 | 76.5 | 5.38 | 12 | 64.2 † | 9.01 |
Protein (g) | 68 | 17.4 | 3.24 | 12 | 14.8 † | 7.09 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 68 | 0.60 | 1.13 | 12 | 10.4 † | 3.53 |
Fiber (g) | 66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12 | 5.51 † | 2.18 |
Total fat (g) | 68 | 3.99 | 5.60 | 12 | 8.20 † | 4.53 |
SAFA (g) | 58 | 0.94 | 1.46 | 12 | 1.57 | 2.13 |
MUFA (g) | 57 | 1.69 | 2.95 | 12 | 3.63 † | 2.55 |
PUFA (g) | 58 | 0.97 | 1.46 | 12 | 1.92 † | 0.75 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 63 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 12 | 0.20 † | 0.13 |
Vitamin B3 (mg) | 61 | 3.22 | 2.59 | 12 | 0.54 † | 0.35 |
Vitamin B5 (µg) | 39 | 0.68 | 0.59 | 12 | 1.44 † | 0.94 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 49 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 12 | 0.05 † | 0.02 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 51 | 5.09 | 5.62 | 12 | 0.00 † | 0.00 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 64 | 4.09 | 6.75 | 8 | 0.00 † | 0.00 |
Iron (mg) | 63 | 1.10 | 1.58 | 12 | 3.28 † | 4.23 |
Zinc (mg) | 59 | 2.84 | 11.0 | 12 | 1.87 | 1.94 |
Selenium (µg) | 63 | 33.0 | 17.1 | 12 | 9.29 † | 8.42 |
Sodium (mg) | 68 | 309 | 713 | 12 | 585 † | 315 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 56 | 69.2 | 37.7 | 12 | 0.47 † | 0.82 |
Iodine (µg) | 62 | 75.0 | 110 | 12 | 10.9 † | 21.6 |
Linoleic acid (LA), C18:2 n6 | 48 | 0.14 | 0.33 | 12 | 1.52 † | 0.50 |
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), C18:3 n3 | 46 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 12 | 0.40 † | 0.32 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), C20:5 n3 | 37 | 0.39 | 0.48 | 12 | 0.00 † | 0.00 |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), C22:6 n3 | 37 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 12 | 0.00 † | 0.00 |
N | NR5 | SD | LIM3 | SD | NRF5.3 | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant-based MFA products | 12 | 81.66 † | 32.79 | 34.20 | 17.10 | 47.46 † | 38.19 |
Total fish and seafood | 68 | 163.07 | 68.00 | 16.09 | 20.44 | 154.70 | 72.73 |
Fish lean | 21 | 135.38 | 55.8 | 4.6 | 1.53 | 134.68 | 46.05 |
Fish medium oily | 8 | 141.31 | 65.47 | 6.70 | 2.25 | 134.61 | 66.49 |
Fish oily | 12 | 152.60 | 60.08 | 24.76 | 33.14 | 137.89 | 78.03 |
Mollusks | 4 | 243.28 | 102.94 | 23.40 | 13.90 | 256.40 | 52.95 |
Shellfish | 11 | 205.58 | 80.60 | 32.71 | 16.14 | 188.89 | 85.38 |
Ingredient | Counts | Ingredient | Counts |
---|---|---|---|
Salt, sea salt | 399 | Vitamin A | 0 |
Sunflower seed oil | 139 | Provitamin A (carotenes) | 17 |
Rapeseed oil | 133 | Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 13 |
Methylcellulose | 120 | Vitamin B3 (niacin) | 13 |
White sugar | 85 | Vitamin B5 | 1 |
Pea protein | 70 | Vitamin B6 | 7 |
Wheat gluten | 64 | Vitamin B12 | 33 |
Wheat protein | 52 | Vitamin D | 7 |
Soy protein concentrates | 48 | Iron | 45 |
Linseed oil | 47 | Zinc | 3 |
Algae | 46 | Calcium | 54 |
Soybean, soybean proteins | 99 | Magnesium | 18 |
Wheat, corn, and rice flour | 209 | Selenium | 1 |
Vegetable oils | 41 | Iodine | 1 |
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Drewnowski, A.; Bruins, M.J.; Besselink, J.J.F. Comparing Nutrient Profiles of Meat and Fish with Plant-Based Alternatives: Analysis of Nutrients, Ingredients, and Fortification Patterns. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162725
Drewnowski A, Bruins MJ, Besselink JJF. Comparing Nutrient Profiles of Meat and Fish with Plant-Based Alternatives: Analysis of Nutrients, Ingredients, and Fortification Patterns. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162725
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrewnowski, Adam, Maaike J. Bruins, and Julia J. F. Besselink. 2024. "Comparing Nutrient Profiles of Meat and Fish with Plant-Based Alternatives: Analysis of Nutrients, Ingredients, and Fortification Patterns" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162725
APA StyleDrewnowski, A., Bruins, M. J., & Besselink, J. J. F. (2024). Comparing Nutrient Profiles of Meat and Fish with Plant-Based Alternatives: Analysis of Nutrients, Ingredients, and Fortification Patterns. Nutrients, 16(16), 2725. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162725