Association between Lifestyle Modification and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Premature Mortality in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Definition of NAFLD
2.3. Definition of Lifestyle Factors
2.4. Follow-Up Time and Outcome
2.5. Assessment of Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort
3.2. Associations of Healthy Lifestyle with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Individuals with/without NAFLD
3.3. Associations of Healthy Lifestyle with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Gender and Age Subgroups
3.4. Associations of Healthy Lifestyle with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Participants with NAFLD and Obesity by BMI and WC
3.5. Correlations of Healthy Lifestyle with Premature Mortality in NAFLD Individual
3.6. Associations of Randomized Combinations of Healthy Lifestyle with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality
3.7. Sensitivity Analyses Using Subsample by USFLI
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Non-NAFLD Population (N = 5542) | NAFLD Population (N = 5542) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic information | |||
Age, years, mean (SE) | 53.5 (0.2) | 53.4 (0.2) | 0.904 |
Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Male | 2915 (52.6) | 2572 (46.4) | |
Female | 2627 (47.4) | 2970 (53.6) | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
Mexican American | 770 (13.9) | 902 (16.3) | |
Other Hispanic | 540 (9.7) | 595 (10.7) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 2578 (46.5) | 2343 (42.3) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1019 (18.4) | 1227 (22.1) | |
Other race, including multiracial | 635 (11.5) | 475 (8.6) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.010 | ||
Married/Living with partner | 3377 (60.9) | 3509 (63.3) | |
Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 2165 (39.1) | 2033 (36.7) | |
Educational level, n (%) | 0.085 | ||
Less than high school | 1269 (22.9) | 1346 (24.3) | |
High school or higher | 4273 (77.1) | 4196 (75.7) | |
Poverty–income ratio, mean (SE) | 2.5 (0.02) | 2.5 (0.02) | 0.469 |
Physical examination and laboratory analysis | |||
Body mass index, kg/m², mean (SE) | 26.8 (0.1) | 33.0 (0.1) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm, mean (SE) | 95.0 (0.2) | 108.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
ALT, IU/L, mean (SE) | 23.5 (0.2) | 27.5 (0.2) | <0.001 |
AST, IU/L, mean (SE) | 25.9 (0.2) | 25.3 (0.1) | 0.034 |
Lifestyle and diseases | |||
No depression, n (%) | 3905 (74.5) | 3740 (67.5) | <0.001 |
No smoking, n (%) | 2716 (49.0) | 3369 (60.8) | <0.001 |
Vigorous PA, n (%) | 1910 (34.5) | 1566 (28.3) | <0.001 |
Healthy sleep, n (%) | 3385 (61.1) | 3284 (59.3) | 0.050 |
HEI–2015 score, mean (SE) | 52.5 (0.2) | 50.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Alcohol assumption, gram, mean (SE) | 34.6 (0.5) | 9.0 (0.1) | <0.001 |
CVD, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
No | 4950 (89.3) | 4803 (86.7) | |
Yes | 592 (10.7) | 739 (13.3) | |
Cancer, n (%) | 0.436 | ||
No | 46,902 (88.5) | 4928 (88.9) | |
Yes | 640 (11.6) | 614 (11.1) |
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Huang, Y.; Xu, J.; Yang, Y.; Wan, T.; Wang, H.; Li, X. Association between Lifestyle Modification and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Premature Mortality in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132063
Huang Y, Xu J, Yang Y, Wan T, Wang H, Li X. Association between Lifestyle Modification and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Premature Mortality in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients. 2024; 16(13):2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132063
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yanqiu, Jinfan Xu, Yang Yang, Tingya Wan, Hui Wang, and Xiaoguang Li. 2024. "Association between Lifestyle Modification and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Premature Mortality in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease" Nutrients 16, no. 13: 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132063
APA StyleHuang, Y., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Wan, T., Wang, H., & Li, X. (2024). Association between Lifestyle Modification and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Premature Mortality in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 16(13), 2063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132063