Associations between Celiac Disease, Extra-Gastrointestinal Manifestations, and Gluten-Free Diet: A Narrative Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Oral Cavity, Nose, and Ears
4. Eyes
5. Skin and Hair
6. Bones
7. Joints and Muscles
8. Heart and Vessels
9. Kidney
10. Nerves
11. Psyche
12. Fertility and Pregnancy
13. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extra-Gastrointestinal Manifestation | Gluten-Free Diet Effect | |
---|---|---|
Oral cavity |
| Early diagnosis of CeD and treatment with a GFD might prevent the development of DEDs |
Nose and ears |
| Symptom resolution, except for sensorineural hearing loss |
Eyes |
| Unclear |
Skin and Hair |
| Improvement |
Bones |
| Recovery of bone density if GFD is timely |
Joints and Muscles |
| Unclear |
Heart and Vessels |
| A GFD in CeD patients decreases the risk |
Kidney |
| Untreated CeD patients have an increased risk of urolithiasis, likely due to hyperoxaluria |
Nerves |
| Adherence to a GFD appeared to improve symptoms |
Psyche |
| Schizophrenia, anxiety, fatigue, and eating disorders may benefit from a GFD |
Fertility and Pregnancy |
| GFD minimizes the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes |
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Santonicola, A.; Wieser, H.; Gizzi, C.; Soldaini, C.; Ciacci, C. Associations between Celiac Disease, Extra-Gastrointestinal Manifestations, and Gluten-Free Diet: A Narrative Overview. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1814. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121814
Santonicola A, Wieser H, Gizzi C, Soldaini C, Ciacci C. Associations between Celiac Disease, Extra-Gastrointestinal Manifestations, and Gluten-Free Diet: A Narrative Overview. Nutrients. 2024; 16(12):1814. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121814
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantonicola, Antonella, Herbert Wieser, Carolina Gizzi, Carlo Soldaini, and Carolina Ciacci. 2024. "Associations between Celiac Disease, Extra-Gastrointestinal Manifestations, and Gluten-Free Diet: A Narrative Overview" Nutrients 16, no. 12: 1814. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121814