Does Magnesium Provide a Protective Effect in Crohn’s Disease Remission? A Systematic Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
2.2. Eligibility Criteria and Definitions
2.3. Data Collection Process
2.4. Risk of Bias and Quality Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Patients’ Characteristics
3.3. Disease Characteristics
3.4. Magnesium Measurements
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Evidence
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study & Author | Country | Study Year | Study Design | Study Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 [41] Geerling et al. | Netherlands | 1998 | Prospective Cohort | Medium |
2 [42] Geerling et al. | Netherlands | 2000 | Cross-Sectional | Medium |
3 [43] Tajika et al. | Japan | 2004 | Cross-Sectional | High |
4 [44] Filippi et al. | France | 2006 | Cross-Sectional | Low |
5 [45] Valentini al. | Italy | 2008 | Prospective Cohort | Medium |
6 [46] de Castro et al. | Brazil | 2019 | Cross-Sectional | High |
7 [47] MacMaster et al. | United Kingdom | 2021 | Prospective Cohort | Medium |
8 [40] Browson et al. | United Kingdom | 2023 | Retrospective Cohort | Medium |
Study Number | Sample Size | Age (Years) | Gender Distribution | Comparison Group | Other Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 [41] Geerling et al. | 32 | 40 (median) | 18 (56.2%) women; 14 (43.8%) men | 32 healthy controls matched for age and gender | Smoking 13 (40.6%); underweight (65–75%); Vitamin D deficiency 18 (56.2%) |
2 [42] Geerling et al. | 23 | 30.1 (mean) | 15 (65.2%) women; 8 (34.8%) men | 23 healthy controls matched for age and gender | Smoking 8 (34.7%) |
3 [43] Tajika et al. | 33 | 37 (mean) | 8 (24.2%) women; 25 (35.8%) men | 15 healthy controls matched for age and gender | Vitamin D deficiency 9 (27.3%) |
4 [44] Filippi et al. | 54 | 39.0 (mean) | 28 (51.9%) women; 26 (48.1%) men | 25 healthy controls | Underweight (30%); low plasma concentration of micronutrients (50%); smoking 17 (31%) |
5 [45] Valentini al. | 94 | 37.7 (mean) | 61 (64.9%); 33 (35.1%) men | 61 healthy controls | Smoking 19 (20.2%); malnutrition 22 (23.7%) |
6 [46] de Castro et al. | 31 | 39.7 (mean) | 16 (51.6%) women; 15 (48.4%) men | 29 patients with active disease | Smoking 1 (3.2%); obesity 5 (16.1%) |
7 [47] MacMaster et al. | 59 | 48.0 (median) | 22 (37%) women; 37 (63%) men | 30 patients with ulcerative colitis | Vitamin D deficiency 16 (32%) |
8 [40] Browson et al. | 127 | 43.0 (median) | 54 (42.5%) women; 73 (57.5%) men | 77 patients with ulcerative colitis | Vitamin D deficiency 12 (9.6%) |
Study Number | Disease Duration | Disease Severity | Surgical History | Complications | Medication |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 [41] Geerling et al. | 16 years (11.0–19.0) | CDAI: 139 (median) | 27 (84.4%) small bowel resection | Colonic involvement 18 (56.2%), extent of bowel resection—average of 75.0 cm, ileostomy 2 (6.2%) | Mesalamine (50.0%), azathioprine (34.4%), corticosteroids (40.6%) |
2 [42] Geerling et al. | 6 months | CDAI: 96.9 (mean) | 4 (17.4%) small bowel resection | Small bowel involvement 20 (87.0%) | Mesalamine (100%), azathioprine (4.0%), prednisone 10 mg (26%) |
3 [43] Tajika et al. | 16.1 years | CDAI: 84.1 (mean) | 18 (54.5%) bowel resection | Colonic involvement only 4 (12.1%), small bowel involvement only 7 (21.2%), extent of bowel resection—median of 55.0 cm | Corticosteroids (median dose 1.2 g), mesalamine (48.5%), enteral diets (30.3%) |
4 [44] Filippi et al. | NR | CDAI: 89.7 (mean) | 23 (42.6%) | NR | Immunosuppressants 28 (52%), corticosteroids 43 (80%) |
5 [45] Valentini et al. | 7.8 years | CDAI: 71 (median) | 38 (40.4%) bowel resection | Colonic involvement 83 (88.3%) | 5-Aminosalicylic acid (51%), immunosuppressants (36%), prednisolone (12%) |
6 [46] de Castro et al. | 12.6 years | CDAI: 41.4 (mean) | 17 (54.8%) bowel resection | Colonic involvement only 14 (45.1%), perianal disease 19 (61.3%) | NR |
7 [47] MacMaster et al. | 55 months in remission | HBI: 1.18 (median) | NR | Colonic involvement only 26 (44%), perianal disease 7 (11.9%) | 5-Aminosalicylic acid (27.1%), thiopurine (30.5%), biological (10.2%) |
8 [40] Browson et al. | NR | Montreal classification: 33.5% structuring disease, 35.4% penetrating disease | NR | Colonic involvement 36 (28.4%), perianal disease 39 (31.2%) | Infliximab (70.4%), vedolizumab (15.0%), azathioprine (35.4%) |
Risk Factors | Mg Levels/Intake | Hypomagnesemia * | Magnesium Levels Significantly Associated with CRP | Outcomes/Risk |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 [41] Geerling et al. | 0.79 ± 0.09 mmol/L vs. 0.82 ± 0.06 mmol/L in controls | 50.0% | 2.0 mg/dL | Significantly lower Mg levels than controls |
2 [42] Geerling et al. | 0.79 ± 0.09 mmol/L vs. 0.82 ± 0.06 mmol/L in controls | NR | 1.7 ± 1.9 mg/dL | Significantly lower Mg levels than controls |
3 [43] Tajika et al. | 2.2 ± 0.2 mg/dL | NR | 0.9 ± 1.2 mg/dL | Significantly lower Mg levels than controls |
4 [44] Filippi et al. | Women: 198.2 mg/kg/day, Men: 276.4 mg/kg/day | NR | 0.6 ± 0.8 mg/dL | Significantly lower Mg intake than controls |
5 [45] Valentini al. | NR | 28.7% | Normal CRP levels in 76% patients | Significantly lower Mg levels than controls |
6 [46] de Castro et al. | 1.7 ± 0.2 mg/dL | 15.4% | 2.28 ± 0.8 mg/dL | No significance |
7 [47] MacMaster et al. | NR | 1.7% | 100% < 1.0 mg/dL | No significance |
8 [40] Browson et al. | NR | 2.5% | 37.8% < 1.0 mg/dL | No significance |
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Costescu, S.; Bratosin, F.; Popa, Z.L.; Hrubaru, I.; Citu, C. Does Magnesium Provide a Protective Effect in Crohn’s Disease Remission? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111662
Costescu S, Bratosin F, Popa ZL, Hrubaru I, Citu C. Does Magnesium Provide a Protective Effect in Crohn’s Disease Remission? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients. 2024; 16(11):1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111662
Chicago/Turabian StyleCostescu, Sergiu, Felix Bratosin, Zoran Laurentiu Popa, Ingrid Hrubaru, and Cosmin Citu. 2024. "Does Magnesium Provide a Protective Effect in Crohn’s Disease Remission? A Systematic Review of the Literature" Nutrients 16, no. 11: 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111662