Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics Associated with Maternal Dietary Patterns in Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials, Study Design, and Participants
2.2. Interviews
2.2.1. Parents Interviews
2.2.2. Maternal Diet
2.2.3. Food Groups
2.2.4. Dietary Patterns
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dietary Pattern | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foods or Food Groups | Food Items | Cluster | Factor Analysis | |||||
Prudent | Non Healthy | Prudent e | Processed Foods and Fish f | Chicken and Vegetables g | ||||
% Energy/Day | Factor Loading | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
High fat dairy products | Milk, Oaxaca cheese, fresh cheese, Manchego cheese | 5.04 | 2.89 | 5.38 | 5.35 | -- | 0.28 | -- |
Dairy with added sugar | Ice cream, yogurt | 3.55 | 3.09 | 3.72 | 3.99 | −0.28 | 0.33 | -- |
Citrus fruits | Orange, orange juice, tangerine, tangerine juice, grapefruit, grapefruit juice | 4.01 | 2.64 | 2.88 | 2.62 | -- | 0.34 | -- |
Non-citrus fruits | Banana, peach, apple, grapes, strawberries, melon, watermelon, mango, pear, cactus fruit, papaya, pineapple, plum, blackberry, mamey, zapote a | 9.49 | 4.27 | 5.56 | 3.13 | 0.30 | 0.44 | -- |
Dehydrated cranberries | Dehydrated cranberries | 1.03 | 2.07 | 0.17 | 0.48 | -- | 0.46 | -- |
Eggs | Eggs | 3.03 | 2.34 | 4.19 | 4.09 | -- | -- | -- |
Chicken | Chicken | 1.22 | 0.74 | 1.28 | 0.81 | -- | 0.34 | 0.28 |
Processed meats | Sausage, ham, chorizo, bacon | 2.55 | 2.36 | 2.80 | 2.20 | -- | -- | -- |
Red meat | Beef, pork, barbecue, carnitas, liver, cecina b | 5.64 | 4.32 | 6.16 | 4.35 | -- | -- | -- |
Fish and shellfish | Tuna, shellfish, sardine, fish | 2.29 | 2.96 | 1.16 | 1.04 | -- | 0.45 | -- |
Foods high in saturated fats | Pork rinds, sour cream, butter, mayonnaise, lard | 1.89 | 1.11 | 2.12 | 1.26 | -- | -- | -- |
Cruciferous vegetables | Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage | 0.78 | 0.57 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.59 | -- | -- |
Allium vegetables | Onion, garlic | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.19 | -- | -- | 0.83 |
Green leafy vegetables | Purslane, spinach, lettuce, parsley | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.76 | -- | -- |
Other vegetables | Zucchini, stewed tomato, raw tomato, chili, squash flower, chayote, nopal c | 5.40 | 5.4 | 5.74 | 2.77 | -- | -- | 0.85 |
Corn | Corn | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 0.35 | -- | -- |
Root vegetables | Potato, carrot, beetroot | 3.28 | 1.84 | 1.87 | 1.32 | 0.50 | -- | -- |
Soy products | Soy-based drink (soy milk), tofu (soy cheese), textured soy protein (soy meat) | 0.20 | 0.58 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.26 | -- | -- |
Legumes | Lentils, beans, broad beans, peas | 6.8 | 3.63 | 5.78 | 4.35 | 0.41 | -- | -- |
Soy sauce | Soy sauce | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -- | 0.36 | -- |
Canned chili peppers | Canned chili peppers | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | -- | -- | -- |
Corn tortilla | Corn tortilla | 10.93 | 6.9 | 18.99 | 12.73 | -- | −0.79 | -- |
Cereals | Flour tortilla, white bread, rice, pasta, oatmeal, breakfast cereal, bolillo | 15.47 | 5.53 | 12.85 | 4.91 | -- | -- | -- |
Cereals high in fat and sugar | Cookies, cake, sweet bread | 3.33 | 2.14 | 3.98 | 3.04 | −0.30 | 0.30 | -- |
Soft and energy drinks | Soft drink, energy drink | 1.52 | 1.48 | 3.16 | 3.64 | −0.33 | -- | -- |
Alcoholic drinks | Red wine, white wine, beer, liquors/spirits (rum, brandy, tequila) | 0.16 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.39 | -- | -- | -- |
Coffee and tea | Coffee, herbal tea, green tea, black tea | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.99 | 1.47 | −0.38 | -- | 0.30 |
Atole | Atole d | 2.55 | 2.16 | 1.29 | 1.66 | 0.47 | -- | -- |
Avocado | Avocado | 1.7 | 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.32 | 0.25 | -- | -- |
Vegetable fats | Vegetable oil, margarine, corn oil, olive oil, soy oil | 5.02 | 2.8 | 5.74 | 3.60 | -- | -- | 0.37 |
Cluster Analysis | Factor Analysis | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prudent | Non Healthy | Prudent | Processed Foods and Fish | Chicken and Vegetables | ||||||||
p-Value | Tertile 1 | Tertile 3 | p-Value | Tertile 1 | Tertile 3 | p-Value | Tertile 1 | Tertile 3 | p-Value | |||
Mother | ||||||||||||
Age at pregnancy, years [mean(SD)] | 25.76 (6.76) | 25.50 (6.15) | 0.333 | 25.74 (6.66) | 25.83 (6.49) | 0.468 | 25.76 (6.89) | 25.84 (6.19) | 0.357 | 25.06 (6.65) | 26.29 (6.60) | 0.295 |
Education, years [p50 (p10, p90)] | 11.00 (8.00, 15.00) | 9.00 (6.00, 13.00) | 0.031 | 11.00 (6.00, 13.60) | 10.00 (7.00, 14.00) | 0.705 | 9.00 (6.00, 12.00) | 12.00 (9.00, 15.60) | <0.001 | 11.00 (6.00, 13.00) | 10.30 (6.00, 14.00) | 0.581 |
Smoking before pregnancy, yes % | 20.00 | 35.56 | 0.018 | 45.24 | 19.05 | 0.001 | 22.62 | 39.29 | 0.063 | 38.10 | 28.57 | 0.163 |
Smoking during pregnancy, yes % | 1.33 | 3.39 | 0.364 | 5.95 | 0.00 | 0.061 | 2.38 | 4.76 | 0.358 | 3.57 | 1.19 | 0.556 |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy, yes % | 6.67 | 14.69 | 0.076 | 16.67 | 9.52 | 0.320 | 10.71 | 14.29 | 0.773 | 16.67 | 8.33 | 0.256 |
Iron consumption during pregnancy, yes % | 88.00 | 84.75 | 0.500 | 78.57 | 91.67 | 0.049 | 83.33 | 85.71 | 0.506 | 80.95 | 90.48 | 0.211 |
Minerals consumption during pregnancy, yes % | 6.67 | 6.21 | 0.893 | 1.19 | 8.33 | 0.057 | 8.33 | 7.14 | 0.420 | 7.14 | 2.38 | 0.154 |
Vitamins consumption during pregnancy, yes % | 94.67 | 94.35 | 0.920 | 94.05 | 94.05 | 0.927 | 91.67 | 95.24 | 0.374 | 92.86 | 92.86 | 0.298 |
State of residence, % | ||||||||||||
Mexico City | 60.00 | 49.15 | 0.120 | 52.38 | 58.33 | 0.300 | 47.62 | 60.71 | 0.170 | 58.33 | 47.42 | 0.370 |
Mexico State | 40.00 | 50.85 | 47.62 | 41.67 | 52.38 | 39.29 | 41.67 | 52.38 | ||||
Health institution, % | ||||||||||||
SS and ISSSTE | 72.00 | 62.15 | 0.130 | 57.14 | 75.00 | 0.050 | 63.10 | 60.71 | 0.310 | 63.10 | 61.90 | 0.470 |
IMSS | 28.00 | 37.85 | 42.86 | 25.00 | 36.90 | 39.29 | 36.90 | 38.10 | ||||
Person/room ratio, [p50(p10, p90)] | 3.00 (1.50, 5.50) | 3.00 (1.70, 6.00) | 0.121 | 3.00 (1.70, 5.00) | 3.00 (1.70, 6.00) | 0.558 | 3.50 (1.75, 6.00) | 2.40 (1.50, 5.00) | <0.001 | 3.00 (1.50, 5.00) | 3.00 (1.70, 6.00) | 0.877 |
Father | ||||||||||||
Age at pregnancy, years [mean(SD)] | 29.84 (8.58) | 28.44 (6.83) | 0.018 | 28.53 (7.28) | 29.73 (8.44) | 0.036 | 28.81 (7.65) | 28.66 (7.02) | 0.700 | 28.88 (8.36) | 28.80 (6.93) | 0.131 |
Education, years [p50 (p10, p90)] | 9.00 (6.00, 16.00) | 9.00 (6.00, 13.00) | 0.777 | 10.00 (7.00, 14.00) | 9.00 (6.00, 15.50) | 0.468 | 9.00 (6.00, 12.00) | 11.00 (8.00, 15.00) | <0.001 | 10.00 (6.00, 15.00) | 9.00 (6.00, 14.00) | 0.488 |
Smoking before pregnancy, yes % | 53.52 | 59.88 | 0.361 | 65.85 | 49.37 | 0.105 | 54.43 | 57.32 | 0.600 | 53.75 | 56.10 | 0.369 |
Cluster Analysis | ||
---|---|---|
Prudent vs. Non Healthy | ||
Variable | (n) | OR (95% CI) * |
Mother | ||
Person/room ratio | ||
≤3 | 95/46 | 1.00 |
>3 | 82/29 | 0.81 (0.44, 1.48) |
p-trend | 0.388 | |
Education | ||
≤9 | 91/29 | 1.00 |
>9–≤12 | 65/29 | 1.77 (0.91, 3.45) |
>12 | 21/17 | 4.34 (1.70, 11.09) |
p-trend | 0.004 | |
Health institution | ||
SS and ISSSTE | 54/110 | 1.00 |
IMSS | 67/21 | 0.33 (0.16, 0.69) |
Smoking before pregnancy | ||
No | 115/60 | 1.00 |
Yes | 62/15 | 0.42 (0.21, 0.82) |
Smoking during pregnancy | ||
No | 121/124 | 1.00 |
Yes | 4/3 | 1.10 (0.11, 10.57) |
Father | ||
Age at pregnancy | ||
≥31 | 66/32 | 1.00 |
<31–>24 | 50/19 | 0.76 (0.37, 1.56) |
≤24 | 61/24 | 0.75 (0.38, 1.48) |
p-trend | 0.094 | |
Education | ||
≤9 | 94/39 | 1.00 |
>9–≤12 | 54/19 | 0.78 (0.39, 1.57) |
>12 | 29/17 | 1.16 (0.49, 2.75) |
p-trend | 0.431 | |
Smoking before pregnancy | ||
No | 49/53 | 1.00 |
Yes | 75/66 | 0.87 (0.48, 1.58) |
Factor Analysis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prudent Pattern | Processed Foods and Fish | Chicken and Vegetables | |||||
Variable | (n) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) |
Mother | |||||||
Person/room ratio | |||||||
≤3 | 141 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
>3 | 111 | 0.15 | (−0.11, 0.40) | −0.21 | (−0.45, −0.04) | 0.23 | (−0.03, 0.50) |
p-trend | 0.291 | 0.046 | 0.018 | ||||
Education | |||||||
≤9 | 120 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
>9–≤12 | 94 | 0.12 | (−0.16, 0.40) | 0.54 | (0.27, 0.81) | −0.12 | (−0.41, 0.17) |
>12 | 38 | 0.00 | (−0.40, 0.40) | 0.97 | (0.59, 1.36) | 0.11 | (−0.30, 0.53) |
p-trend | 0.186 | <0.001 | 0.204 | ||||
Health institution | |||||||
SS and ISSSTE | 164 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
IMSS | 88 | −0.46 | (−0.74, −0.17) | −0.29 | (−0.57, −0.02) | −0.12 | (−0.41, 0.17) |
Smoking before pregnancy | |||||||
No | 175 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Yes | 77 | −0.47 | (−0.74, −0.21) | 0.24 | (−0.01, 0.49) | −0.25 | (−0.52, 0.03) |
Smoking during pregnancy | |||||||
No | 245 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Yes | 7 | −0.34 | (−1.1, 0.23) | 0.71 | (−0.03, 1.45) | −0.15 | (−0.95, 0.64) |
Father | |||||||
Age at pregnancy | |||||||
≥31 | 98 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
>24–<31 | 69 | 0.00 | (−0.30, 0.30) | 0.01 | (−0.29, 0.30) | −0.13 | (−0.44, 0.17) |
≤24 | 85 | −0.13 | (−0.42, 0.15) | −0.18 | (−0.45, 0.10) | −0.04 | (−0.34, 0.26) |
p-trend | 0.169 | 0.144 | 0.366 | ||||
Education | |||||||
≤9 | 133 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
>9–≤12 | 73 | −0.14 | (−0.43, 0.14) | 0.07 | (−0.21, 0.34) | 0.01 | (−0.28, 0.31) |
>12 | 46 | 0.16 | (−0.21, 0.53) | 0.10 | (−0.26, 0.46) | −0.13 | (−0.51, 0.26) |
p-trend | 0.156 | 0.525 | 0.934 | ||||
Smoking before pregnancy | |||||||
No | 102 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Yes | 141 | −0.21 | (−0.46, 0.04) | −0.08 | (−0.32, 0.16) | 0.12 | (−0.14, 0.38) |
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Flores-García, M.K.; Pérez-Saldivar, M.L.; Denova-Gutiérrez, E.; Rodríguez-Villalobos, L.R.; Dosta-Herrera, J.J.; Mondragón-García, J.A.; Castañeda-Echevarría, A.; López-Caballero, M.G.; Martínez-Silva, S.I.; Rivera-González, J.; et al. Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics Associated with Maternal Dietary Patterns in Mexico. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101451
Flores-García MK, Pérez-Saldivar ML, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Rodríguez-Villalobos LR, Dosta-Herrera JJ, Mondragón-García JA, Castañeda-Echevarría A, López-Caballero MG, Martínez-Silva SI, Rivera-González J, et al. Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics Associated with Maternal Dietary Patterns in Mexico. Nutrients. 2024; 16(10):1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101451
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlores-García, M. Karen, María Luisa Pérez-Saldivar, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Luis Rodolfo Rodríguez-Villalobos, Juan José Dosta-Herrera, Javier A. Mondragón-García, Alejandro Castañeda-Echevarría, M. Guadalupe López-Caballero, Sofía I. Martínez-Silva, Juan Rivera-González, and et al. 2024. "Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics Associated with Maternal Dietary Patterns in Mexico" Nutrients 16, no. 10: 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101451
APA StyleFlores-García, M. K., Pérez-Saldivar, M. L., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Rodríguez-Villalobos, L. R., Dosta-Herrera, J. J., Mondragón-García, J. A., Castañeda-Echevarría, A., López-Caballero, M. G., Martínez-Silva, S. I., Rivera-González, J., Hernández-Pineda, N. A., Flores-Botello, J., Pérez-Gómez, J. A., Rodríguez-Vázquez, M. A., Torres-Valle, D., Olvera-Durán, J. Á., Martínez-Ríos, A., García-Cortes, L. R., Almeida-Hernández, C., ... López-Carrillo, L. (2024). Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics Associated with Maternal Dietary Patterns in Mexico. Nutrients, 16(10), 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101451