Dietary Acculturation and Food Habit Changes among Chinese Immigrants in Portugal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Dietary Assessment
2.3.2. Dietary Acculturation
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Assessment
3.3. Meal Patterns
3.4. Dietary Acculturation
4. Discussion
4.1. Strength and Limitations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Dietary Acculturation
References
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Total | ||
---|---|---|
n | 213 | |
Age (years), mean (±SD) | 36 ± 11 years | |
Years residing in Portugal, mean (±SD) | 15 ± 7 years | |
Sex, n (%) | Female | 117 (54.9%) |
Male | 96 (45.1%) | |
Place of birth, n (%) | China, ZheJiang | 161 (75.6%) |
China, ShanDong | 15 (7.0%) | |
China, FuJian | 9 (4.2%) | |
China, other places | 28 (13.2%) | |
Level of education, n (%) | Elementary school | 73 (34.3%) |
High school | 81 (38.0%) | |
University degree or higher | 59 (27.7%) | |
Marital Status, n (%) | Single | 73 (34.3%) |
Married/Partner | 130 (61.0%) | |
Divorced | 7 (3.3%) | |
Widowed | 3 (1.4%) | |
Employment status, n (%) | Merchant | 144 (67.6%) |
Other careers | 41 (19.3%) | |
Student | 15 (7.0%) | |
Unemployed | 9 (4.2%) | |
Retired | 4 (1.9%) | |
Portuguese proficiency | Unsatisfactory | 116 (54.5%) |
Satisfactory | 52 (24.4%) | |
Very good | 32 (15.0%) | |
Excellent | 13 (6.1%) | |
Language preference | Mandarin | 202 (95.3%) |
Portuguese | 10 (4.7%) | |
Other | 0 (0.0%) |
Male | Female | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (±SD) | DRI’s | p | Mean (±SD) | DRI’s | p | |
Energy (kcal/d) | 1564.0 ± 411 | 2100 | 0.00 | 1435.8 ± 321.4 | 1750 | 0.00 |
Protein (g/d) | 70.7 ± 19.6 | 65 | 0.01 | 61.9 ± 16.7 | 55 | 0.00 |
Lipids (g/d) | 68.1 ± 19.3 | 47–70 * | 0.00 | 65.0 ± 17.4 | 39–58 * | 0.00 |
SFA (g/d) | 15.5 ± 6.1 | 16 | 0.44 | 14.9 ± 5.7 | 14 | 0.07 |
MUFA (g/d) | 22.1 ± 8.7 | 30 | 0.00 | 21.2 ± 8.7 | 25 | 0.00 |
PUFA (g/d) | 20.9 ± 8.3 | 23 | 0.02 | 18.6 ± 8.1 | 19 | 0.58 |
Carbohydrates (g/d) | 158.7 ± 58.8 | 263–341 * | 0.00 | 148.9 ± 43.5 | 219–284 * | 0.00 |
Simple sugar (g/d) | 27.6 ± 23.9 | <23 | 0.06 | 26.6 ± 16.9 | <19 | 0.00 |
Fiber (g/d) | 10.7 ± 4.4 | 25–30 | 0.00 | 11.3 ± 4.9 | 25–30 | 0.00 |
Vitamin A (µg/d) | 440.7 ± 271.6 | 800 | 0.00 | 479.4 ± 429.3 | 700 | 0.00 |
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 85.2 ± 80.6 | 100 | 0.08 | 76.8 ± 61.2 | 100 | 0.00 |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | 3.9 ± 3.9 | 10 | 0.00 | 3.4 ± 3.1 | 10 | 0.00 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 17.1 ± 7.5 | 14 | 0.00 | 15.4 ± 7.7 | 14 | 0.05 |
Thiamin (mg/d) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.00 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.00 |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.00 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.00 |
Niacin (mg/d) | 14.6 ± 5.7 | 14 | 0.32 | 10.8 ± 4.8 | 12 | 0.01 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.26 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.00 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 4.2 ± 6.8 | 2.4 | 0.01 | 4.2 ± 9.5 | 2.4 | 0.05 |
Folate (µg/d) | 175.5 ± 63.7 | 400 | 0.00 | 171.0 ± 78.8 | 400 | 0.00 |
Sodium (mg/d) | 2890.1 ± 865.7 | 1900 | 0.00 | 3041.8 ± 855.1 | 1900 | 0.00 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 1885 ± 595.6 | 3600 | 0.00 | 1686.8 ± 538.3 | 3600 | 0.00 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 358.1 ± 183.8 | 1000 | 0.00 | 384.4 ± 249.7 | 1000 | 0.00 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 875.8 ± 242.9 | 720 | 0.00 | 759.0 ± 271.9 | 720 | 0.12 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 191.7 ± 71.8 | 330 | 0.00 | 177.6 ± 69.0 | 330 | 0.00 |
Iron (mg/d) | 7.1 ± 3.6 | 12 | 0.00 | 6.9 ± 4.3 | 12 | 0.00 |
Zinc (mg/d) | 6.8 ± 2.6 | 12.5 | 0.00 | 5.9 ± 2.4 | 7.5 | 0.00 |
% (n) | |
---|---|
Traditional Chinese meals | 46.2 (98) |
Traditional Portuguese meals | 0.5 (1) |
Combination of both | 53.3% (113) |
Others | 0% (0) |
Mean (±SD) | % (n) | Min–Max | |
---|---|---|---|
Acculturation | 70.1 (±8.9) | 43.0–96.0 | |
Western acculturation | Low | 0.0% (0) | |
Moderate | 28.6% (61) | ||
High | 71.4% (152) | ||
Very high | 0.0% (0) |
Moderate Acculturation | High Acculturation | Value p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy intake | Mean (±SD) | 1389.6 (±379.4) | 1535.3 (±357.9) | |
% (n) | 28.6% (61) | 71.4% (152) | 0.009 | |
Fat intake | Mean (±SD) | 62.3 (± 20,2) | 68.1 (± 17,3) | |
% (n) | 28.6% (61) | 71.4% (152) | 0.035 |
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Li, C.; Carolino, E.; Sousa, J. Dietary Acculturation and Food Habit Changes among Chinese Immigrants in Portugal. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081886
Li C, Carolino E, Sousa J. Dietary Acculturation and Food Habit Changes among Chinese Immigrants in Portugal. Nutrients. 2023; 15(8):1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081886
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Catarina, Elisabete Carolino, and Joana Sousa. 2023. "Dietary Acculturation and Food Habit Changes among Chinese Immigrants in Portugal" Nutrients 15, no. 8: 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081886
APA StyleLi, C., Carolino, E., & Sousa, J. (2023). Dietary Acculturation and Food Habit Changes among Chinese Immigrants in Portugal. Nutrients, 15(8), 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081886