Nutritional Status of Patients with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Clinical and Anthropometric Data
2.3. Nutritional Analysis
2.4. Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stress Markers
2.5. Muscle Volume by MRI
2.6. Daily Physical Activity Level
2.7. Quadriceps Maximal Voluntary Contraction
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Patients with FSHD
3.2. Dietary Energy Intake in 159 Patients with FSHD
3.3. Micronutrient Dietary Intakes in 159 Patients with FSHD
3.4. Micronutrient Plasma Concentrations in 159 Patients with FSHD
3.5. Dietary and Micronutrient Dietary Intakes and Plasma Concentrations in 32 Patients with FSHD
3.6. Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stress Markers in 32 Patients with FSHD and 7 Healthy Controls
3.7. MRI Evaluation of Thigh Parameters in 32 Patients with FSHD and 7 Healthy Controls
3.8. Correlations between Energy Dietary Parameters and Micronutrient Intakes in 159 Patients with FSHD
3.9. Correlations between Micronutrients Intakes in 159 Patients with FSHD
3.10. Correlations between Age and Micronutrient Intakes and Plasma Concentration in 159 Patients with FSHD
3.11. Correlations between PAL and Energy Dietary Parameters and Micronutrient Intakes and Plasma Concentration in 159 Patients with FSHD
3.12. Correlations between Energy Dietary Parameters and Micronutrient Intakes and Plasma Concentration and Oxidative Stress Markers in 32 Patients with FSHD
3.13. Correlations between Dietary Energy and Muscle Parameters in 32 Patients with FSHD
3.14. Correlations between Muscle Parameters and Plasma Concentrations of Micronutrients and Oxidative Stress Markers in 32 Patients with FSHD
3.15. Correlations between PAL and Muscle Parameters in 32 Patients with FSHD
3.16. Correlations between Plasma Concentrations of Micronutrients and Oxidative Stress Markers in 32 Patients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Patients (n = 159) | Men (n = 85) | Women (n = 74) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | p Value |
Age (years) | 42.7 ± 14.9 | 43.7 ± 14.7 | 45 (14.0–75.0) | 41.7 ± 14.5 | 41 (14.0–69.0) | 0.399 |
D4Z4 (repeat units) | 5.6 ± 1.9 | 5.7 ± 1.8 | 6.0 (1.0–9) | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 5.0 (2.0–9.0) | 0.772 |
Body weight (kg) | 68.8 ± 16.4 | 74.9 ± 13.1 | 73.5 (45.5–124.4) | 61.9 ± 13.2 | 62.8 (35.6–95.8) | <0.001 |
Body height (cm) | 171.5 ± 21.4 | 177.3 ± 8.2 | 176.5 (153.0–195.0) | 164.9 ± 6.4 | 165.0 (144.0–180.0) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 4.96 | 23.8 ± 3.7 | 23.9 (15.6–36.3) | 22.8 ± 4.8 | 21.8 (13.1–37.4) | 0.132 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 85 ± 17.8 | 90.2 ± 14.7 | 89 (65.0–143.0) | 79.2 ± 13.4 | 75.3 (57.0–111.0) | <0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 97.3 ± 14 | 97.8 ± 7.9 | 96.3 (80.0–123.0) | 96.7 ± 10 | 95.5 (77.0–120.0) | 0.418 |
Waist/Hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.14 | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 0.89 (0.73–1.22) | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.81 (0.68–1.08) | <0.001 |
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Ages (Years) | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Value |
Age (years) | 14–30 | 22.8 ± 4.9 | 22.8 ± 4.9 | 0.979 |
31–50 | 41.8 ± 5.8 | 40.5 ± 5.6 | 0.352 | |
51–64 | 56.3 ± 4.2 | 58.2 ± 5.0 | 0.217 | |
65–75 | 70.3 ± 3.4 | 67.2 ± 1.3 | 0.062 | |
Body weight (kg) | 14–30 | 68.8 ± 11.8 | 55.7 ± 10.2 | 0.001 |
31–50 | 76.5 ± 12.7 | 63.0 ± 13.5 | <0.001 | |
51–64 | 78.4 ± 14.4 | 67.3 ± 13.3 | 0.028 | |
65–75 | 69.9 ± 6.2 | 61.9 ± 15.5 | 0.268 | |
Body height (cm) | 14–30 | 180.1 ± 7.7 | 166.1 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
31–50 | 179.2 ± 8.5 | 165.2 ± 7.0 | <0.001 | |
51–64 | 174.5 ± 5.4 | 164.5 ± 6.5 | <0.001 | |
65–75 | 167.7 ± 9.0 | 161.2 ± 2.5 | 0.118 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 14–30 | 21.2 ± 3.1 | 20.2 ± 3.6 | 0.409 |
31–50 | 23.8 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 4.9 | 0.488 | |
51–64 | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 24.8 ± 4.1 | 0.514 | |
65–75 | 24.9 ± 1.5 | 23.9 ± 6.1 | 0.714 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 14–30 | 77.0 ± 7.5 | 70.3 ± 8.7 | 0.019 |
31–50 | 89.7 ± 11.2 | 80.2 ± 12.7 | 0.001 | |
51–64 | 98.7 ± 17.0 | 85.9 ± 14.1 | 0.028 | |
65–75 | 100.7 ± 12.4 | 83.3 ± 16.9 | 0.071 | |
Hip circumference (cm) | 14–30 | 93.3 ± 7.0 | 91.3 ± 9.2 | 0.477 |
31–50 | 99.0 ± 7.9 | 97.7 ± 9.2 | 0.522 | |
51–64 | 98.8 ± 8.0 | 100.8 ± 10.0 | 0.532 | |
65–75 | 100.3 ± 6.8 | 96.3 ± 13.0 | 0.518 | |
Waist/Hip ratio | 14–30 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.001 |
31–50 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | |
51–64 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | |
65–75 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.020 |
All Patients | Men (n = 85) | Women (n = 74) | Men | Women | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters/Recommendation | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | p Value | Adequate n (%) | Inadequate n (%) | Excessive n (%) | Adequate n (%) | Inadequate n (%) | Excessive n (%) |
Calorie intake (CI)(kcal) Men: 2470–2730; Women: 1995–2205 | 1783.3 ± 478.2 | 1914.4 ± 453.6 | 1816.8 (1142.4–3037.8) | 1652.3 ± 342.6 | 1619.1 (964.8–2568.0) | <0.001 | 9 (10.7) | 71 (84.5) | 4 (4.8) | 6 (8.1) | 62 (83.8) | 6 (8.1) |
Protein/energy ratio (%) 10–20 | 19.2 ± 4.6 | 19.2 ± 4.2 | 19.1 (9.5–31.6) | 19.3 ± 4.1 | 19.04 (9.3–29.6) | 0.800 | 43 (51.2) | 1 (1.2) | 40 (47.6) | 44 (58.5) | 1 (1.4) | 29 (39.2) |
Protein intake (g/kg body weight/day): 1.2–2 | 1.24 ± 0.42 | 1.18 ± 0.39 | 1.12 (0.42–2.94) | 1.29 ± 0.45 | 1.23 (0.52–3.12) | 0.114 | 33 (39.3) | 49 (58.3) | 2 (2.4) | 36 (48.7) | 34 (45.9) | 4 (5.4) |
Fat/energy ratio (%) 35–40 | 37.9 ± 7.4 | 37.4 ± 6.0 | 37.0 (22.7–55.2) | 38.6 ± 6.3 | 38.6 (20.3–53.5) | 0.241 | 24 (28.6) | 31 (36.9) | 29 (34.5) | 21 (28.4) | 22 (29.7) | 31 (41.9) |
Carbohydrate/energy ratio (%) 40–55 | 42.8 ± 8.83 | 43.4 ± 7.5 | 43.2 (26.2–59.2) | 42.1 ± 7.5 | 42.5 (23.5–70.4) | 0.269 | 50 (59.5) | 27 (32.1) | 7 (8.3) | 45 (60.8) | 26 (35.1) | 3 (4.0) |
Proteins (Kcal) | 3245 ± 92.6 | 342.6 ± 89.2 | 335.9 (143.9–600.4) | 304.0 ± 77.2 | 299.6 (117–564) | 0.004 | ||||||
Lipids (Kcal) | 656.5 ± 199.3 | 683.2 ± 191.9 | 660.9 (267.9–1131.8) | 626.3 ± 176.7 | 610.9 (283.4–1127.6) | 0.050 | ||||||
Carbohydrates (Kcal) | 739.5 ± 249.6 | 797.0 ± 257.3 | 738.5 (395.3–1574.6) | 674.2 ± 193.6 | 683.5 (329.5–1174.3) | 0.001 | ||||||
Physical activity level (PAL) | 1.61 ± 0.23 | 1.66 ± 0.16 | 1.57 (1.57–2.1) | 1.57 ± 0.02 | 1.56 (1.56–1.64) | <0.001 |
Lean BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 | p Value | Normal 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25kg/m2 | p Value | Overweight 25 ≤ BMI < 29.9 kg/m2 | p Value | Obese 29.9 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2 | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||
n (%) | 6 (7.1) | 14 (18.9) | 48 (57.1) | 39 (52.7) | 26 (31) | 14 (18.9) | 4 (4.8) | 7 (9.5) | ||||
Age (years) | 27.8 ± 12.4 | 33.4 ± 16.2 | 0.417 | 42.1 ± 14.4 | 42.6 ± 12.7 | 0.843 | 48.7 ± 13.7 | 41.1 ± 15.8 | 0.139 | 54.5 ± 4.7 | 54.6 ± 9.4 | 0.987 |
Height (cm) | 177.2 ± 10.9 | 164.9 ± 5.2 | 0.038 | 178.1 ± 7.8 | 165.4 ± 7.7 | <0.001 | 175.7 ± 8.7 | 163.9 ± 3.7 | <0.001 | 178.0 ± 8.8 | 164.6 ± 5 | 0.046 |
Body weight (kg) | 53.7 ± 7.9 | 46.1 ± 5.3 | 0.065 | 70.6 ± 6.8 | 59.2 ± 6.9 | <0.001 | 83.4 ± 9.7 | 72.5 ± 3.9 | <0.001 | 102.9 ± 15.7 | 88.2 ± 6.1 | 0.158 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.0 ± 0.9 | 16.9 ± 1.6 | 0.906 | 22.3 ± 1.7 | 21.6 ± 1.8 | 0.101 | 26.9 ± 1.3 | 26.9 ± 0.9 | 0.901 | 32.3 ± 2.7 | 32.6 ± 2.4 | 0.868 |
Calorie intake (Kcal/day) | 2005.7 ± 530.7 | 1694.8 ± 296.4 | 0.223 | 1925.6 ± 464.9 | 1653.2 ± 400.7 | 0.004 | 1866.7 ± 433.7 | 1611.8 ± 380.9 | 0.064 | 1699.6 ± 468.6 | 1519.7 ± 275.8 | 0.519 |
Protein/energy ratio (%) | 19.4 ± 4.5 | 19.0 ± 4.0 | 0.853 | 18.7 ± 4.3 | 19.6 ± 4.3 | 0.325 | 19.7 ± 4.3 | 18.3 ± 4.3 | 0.353 | 20.2 ± 4.1 | 20.1 ± 3.3 | 0.964 |
Fat/energy ratio (%) | 36.2 ± 3.6 | 36.6 ± 6.0 | 0.846 | 37.6 ± 6.6 | 38.9 ± 6.2 | 0.309 | 37.6 ± 5.9 | 42.0 ± 5.8 | 0.029 | 37.2 ± 5.1 | 33.7 ± 3.9 | 0.285 |
Carbohydrate/ energy ratio (%) | 44.4 ± 7.2 | 44.4 ± 6.5 | 0.994 | 43.7 ± 7.8 | 41.4 ± 8.3 | 0.187 | 42.8 ± 7.5 | 39.6 ± 6.8 | 0.195 | 42.6 ± 5.9 | 46.3 ± 2.4 | 0.314 |
Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters/Recommendation | Ages (Years) | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Value | Adequate | Inadequate | Excess | Adequate | Inadequate | Excess |
Calorie intake (kcal) Men: 2400–2730 Women: 1800–2000 | 14–30 | 1778.6 ± 456.5 | 1614.2 ± 277.8 | 0.210 | 17 (94.4) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (17.6) | 12 (70.6) | 2 (11.8) | |
Men: 2600–2800 Women: 1995–2205 | 31–50 | 1962.0 ± 406.6 | 1654.5 ± 367.0 | 0.001 | 4 (10.5) | 34 (89.5) | 3 (7.9) | 32 (84.2) | 3 (7.9) | |
Men: 2400–2600 Women: 1928–2057 | 51–64 | 1823.2 ± 479.7 | 1573.6 ± 460.3 | 0.138 | 2 (8.7) | 20 (87) | 1 (4.3) | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | |
Men: 2200–2400 Women: 1600–1805 | 65–75 | 1833.6 ± 352.8 | 1772.7 ± 401.6 | 0.786 | 3 (50) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (60) | 2 (33.3) |
Protein/energy ratio (%) 15–20 | 14–30 | 19.2 ± 4.0 | 17.7 ± 4.0 | 0.273 | 5 (27.8) | 3 (16.7) | 10 (55.6) | 8 (47.1) | 5 (29.4) | 4 23.5) |
10–20 | 31–50 | 19.6 ± 4.5 | 19.7 ± 4.1 | 0.931 | 21 (55.3) | 17 (44.7) | 22 (57.9) | 16 (42.1) | ||
10–20 | 51–64 | 18.6 ± 4.3 | 20.5 ± 4.0 | 0.202 | 7 (30.4) | 4 (17.4) | 12 (52.2) | 5 (38.5) | 8 (61.5) | |
15–20 | 65–75 | 18.2 ± 2.2 | 18.9 ± 4.3 | 0.724 | 3 (50) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) |
Protein intake (g/kg body weight/day): 1.2–2 | 14–30 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.812 | 7 (38.9) | 10 (55.6) | 1 (5.6) | 2 (11.8) | 13 (76.5) | 2 (11.8) |
0.83–2 | 31–50 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.539 | 32 (84.2) | 5 (13.2) | 1 (2.6) | 33 (86.9) | 4 (10.5) | 1 (2.6) |
0.83–2.2 | 51–64 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.184 | 20 (87) | 3 (13) | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | 0 | |
1–2.2 | 65–75 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.321 | 3 (60) | 2 (40) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 0 | |
Fat/energy ratio (%) 35–40 | 14–30 | 38.0 ± 5.7 | 36.5 ± 6.5 | 0.484 | 5 (27.8) | 7 (38.9) | 6 (33.3) | 3 (23.1) | 7 (53.8) | 3 (23.1) |
35–40 | 31–50 | 37.6 ± 6.0 | 38.9 ± 6.2 | 0.346 | 7 (18.4) | 14 (36.8) | 17 (44.7) | 13 (35.1) | 11 (29.7) | 13 (35.1) |
35–40 | 51–64 | 36.3 ± 4.7 | 39.0 ± 5.9 | 0.130 | 11 (47.8) | 8 (34.8) | 4 (17.4) | 4 (36.4) | 3 (27.3) | 4 (36.4) |
35–40 | 65–75 | 39.6 ± 11.1 | 41.6 ± 6.7 | 0.723 | 1 (16.7) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (50) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) |
Carbohydrate/energy ratio (%) 45–50 | 14–30 | 42.8 ± 7.1 | 45.8 ± 8.2 | 0.066 | 5 (27.8) | 11 (61.1) | 2 (11.1) | 5 (29.4) | 8 (47.1) | 4 (23.5) |
45–50 | 31–50 | 42.8 ± 7.9 | 41.4 ± 7.1 | 0.004 | 9 (39.1) | 8 (34.8) | 6 (26.1) | 8 (21.1) | 26 (38.4) | 4 (10.5) |
40–65 | 51–64 | 45.2 ± 6.5 | 40.5 ± 7.5 | 0.830 | 18 (78.3) | 5 (21.7) | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | ||
40–65 | 65–75 | 42.1 ± 10.0 | 39.5 ± 5.0 | 0.888 | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | ||
Proteins (Kcal) | 14–30 | 330.4 ± 96.1 | 277.5 ± 63.9 | 0.066 | ||||||
31–50 | 368.9 ± 94.4 | 311.6 ± 69.7 | 0.004 | |||||||
51–64 | 319.5 ± 75.6 | 312.8 ± 108.3 | 0.830 | |||||||
65–75 | 306.2 ± 39.5 | 311.6 ± 82.5 | 0.888 | |||||||
Lipids (Kcal) | 14–30 | 654.9 ± 142.5 | 593.3 ± 141.7 | 0.209 | ||||||
31–50 | 723.5 ± 210.4 | 630.5 ± 174.8 | 0.041 | |||||||
51–64 | 642.9 ± 193.8 | 616.8 ± 204.2 | 0.706 | |||||||
65–75 | 673.9 ± 190.0 | 713.3 ± 229.1 | 0.753 | |||||||
Carbohydrates (Kcal) | 14–30 | 769.3 ± 297.2 | 715.2 ± 167.3 | 0.515 | ||||||
31–50 | 819.5 ± 230.1 | 679.4 ± 213.8 | 0.008 | |||||||
51–64 | 801.8 ± 283.0 | 609.5 ± 184.8 | 0.035 | |||||||
65–75 | 723.1 ± 227.1 | 665.3 ± 142.9 | 0.609 | |||||||
Physical activity level (PAL) | 14–30 | 1.68 ± 0.2 | 1.57 ± 0.03 | 0.039 | ||||||
31–50 | 1.63 ± 0.1 | 1.56 ± 0.02 | 0.006 | |||||||
51–64 | 1.65 ± 0.2 | 1.57 ± 0.02 | 0.066 | |||||||
65–75 | 1.64 ± 0.1 | 1.56 ± 0.01 | 0.101 |
Low PAL 1.57 (Men)–1.56 (Women) | p Value | Moderate PAL 1.78 (Men)–1.64 (Women) | p Value | High PAL 2.1 (Men)–1.82 (Women) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |||
% population | 76.2% | 91.2% | 16.7% | 8% | 7.1% | 0% | ||
CI | 1858.47 ± 415.7 | 1615.6 ± 350.5 | <0.001 | 1924.1 ± 510.6 | 1923.4 ± 446.2 | 0.998 | 2135.2 ± 549.6 |
All Patients | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters Recommendation | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | p Value | Adequate n (%) | Inadequate n (%) | Excessive n (%) | Adequate n (%) | Inadequate n (%) | Excessive n (%) |
Vitamin C (mg) ≥110 | 83.4 ± 57.4 | 89.6 ± 62.4 | 75.9 (5–280.8) | 89 ± 50.3 | 73.4 (18.0–271.3) | 0.942 | 25 (29.8) | 59 (70.2) | 21 (28.4) | 53 (71.6) | ||
Vitamin E (mg) M: ≥10.5 W: ≥9.9 | 8.5 ± 3.86 | 9.1 ± 4.1 | 8.5 (1.9–20.2) | 7.8 ± 3.3 | 7.0 (2.6–18.8) | 0.029 | 26 (31) | 58 (69) | 22 (29.7) | 52 (70.3) | ||
Vit C/Vit E M: ≥7.3; W: ≥11.1 | 12.5 ± 10.2 | 11.5 ± 9.4 | 8.3 (1.3–45.0) | 13.6 ± 11 | 10.2 (2.4–52.0) | 0.189 | 47 (56) | 37 (44) | 38 (51.4) | 36 (48.6) | ||
Cholesterol (mg) ≤300 | 295.2 ± 131.7 | 301.8 ± 130.3 | 279.7 (80.7–663.3) | 287.7 ± 126.5 | 261.1 (16.0–703.3) | 0.490 | 44 (52.4) | 40 (47.6) | 47 (63.5) | 27 (36.5) | ||
Vit E/Chol ≥0.03 | 0.036 ± 0.03 | 0.039 ± 0.04 | 0.027 (0.01–0.32) | 0.035 ± 0.03 | 0.027 (0.008–0.16) | 0.324 | 36 (42.8) | 48 (57.2) | 32 (43.2) | 42 (56.8) | ||
Copper (mg) M: 1.25–5 W: 1–5 | 1.2 ± 0.46 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.0 (0.5–3.0) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0 (0.5–3.0) | 0.011 | 33 (39.3) | 51 (60.7) | 68 (93.2) | 5 (6.8) | ||
Zinc (mg) M: 14–25 W: 11–25 | 8.82 ± 3.5 | 9.5 ± 3.6 | 9.0 (3.0–24.0) | 8 ± 3.0 | 8 (2.0–19.5) | 0.005 | 11 (13.1) | 73 (86.9) | 13 (17.6) | 61 (82.4) | ||
Cu/Zn M: 0.92–0.2 W: 0.90–0.2 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.14 (0.04–0.43) | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.14 (0.07–0.33) | 0.692 | 57 (67.8) | 15 (17.8) | 12 14.4 | 48 (64.9) | 8 (10.8) | 18 (24.3) |
Selenium (µg) 70–300 | 124.6 ± 41.7 | 128.9 ± 41 | 127.0 (46.0–242.0) | 119.6 ± 38.1 | 112.5 (54.0–229.5) | 0.143 | 78 (92.9) | 6 (7.1) | 67 (90.6) | 7 (9.4) |
Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters/Recommendation | Ages (Years) | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Value | Adequate | Inadequate | Excess | Adequate | Inadequate | Excess |
Vitamin C (mg)
≥110 | 14–30 | 73.9 ± 52.8 | 90.6 ± 62.7 | 0.397 | 4 (22.2) | 14 (77.8) | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | ||
31–50 | 75.2 ± 52.2 | 84.5 ± 46.1 | 0.415 | 6 (15.8) | 33 (84.2) | 8 (21.1) | 30 (78.9) | |||
51–64 | 122.2 ± 70.0 | 95.2 ± 53.4 | 0.238 | 13 (56.5) | 10 (43.5) | 3 (23.1) | 10 (76.9) | |||
≥120 | 65–75 | 101.0 ± 80.8 | 98.8 ± 39.1 | 0.953 | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | ||
Vitamin E (mg)
M: ≥10.5; W: ≥9.9 | 14–30 | 7.8 ± 3.6 | 7.2 ± 4.3 | 0.619 | 3 (16.7) | 15 (83.3) | 3 (17.6) | 14 (82.4) | ||
31–50 | 9.6 ± 4.2 | 7.9 ± 2.6 | 0.040 | 15 (39.5) | 23 (60.5) | 9 (23.7) | 29 (76.2) | |||
51–64 | 8.8 ± 3.9 | 7.9 ± 3.1 | 0.508 | 2 (8.7) | 21 (91.3) | 13 (100) | ||||
65–75 | 10.7 ± 5.0 | 8.2 ± 5.2 | 0.405 | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | |||
Vit C/Vit E
M: ≥7.3; W: ≥11.1 | 14–30 | 11.3 ± 12.1 | 16.7 ± 15.1 | 0.255 | 7 (8.98) | 11 (61.1) | 6 (35.3) | 11 (64.7) | ||
31–50 | 9.0 ± 6.8 | 11.9 ± 8.3 | 0.099 | 11 (28.9) | 27 (71.1) | 18 (47.4) | 20 (52.6) | |||
51–64 | 15.9 ± 9.8 | 14.8 ± 13.6 | 0.785 | 17 (73.9) | 6 (26.1) | 8 (61.5) | 5 (38.5) | |||
65–75 | 10.7 ± 8.5 | 13.4 ± 4.8 | 0.513 | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 6 (100) | ||||
Cholesterol (mg)
≤300 | 14–30 | 275.1 ± 129.1 | 237.7 ± 147.9 | 0.430 | 10 (55.6) | 8 (44.4) | 13 (76.5) | 4 (23.5) | ||
31–50 | 339.5 ± 135.1 | 292.6 ± 113.7 | 0.108 | 16 (42.1) | 22 (57.9) | 26 (68.4) | 12 (31.6) | |||
51–64 | 271.2 ± 107.3 | 310.6 ± 103.9 | 0.291 | 14 (60.9) | 9 (39.1) | 6 (46.2) | 7 (53.8) | |||
65–75 | 266.6 ± 155.4 | 348.9 ± 166.0 | 0.396 | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | |||
Vit E/Chol
≥0.03 | 14–30 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.640 | 4 (22.2) | 14 (77.8) | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | ||
31–50 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.441 | 13 (34.2) | 25 (65.8) | 15 (39.5) | 23 (60.5) | |||
51–64 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.032 | 0.260 | 18 (78.3) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (15.4) | 11 (84.6) | |||
65–75 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.085 | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 6 (100) | ||||
Copper (mg)
M: 1.25–5; W: 1.1–5 | 14–30 | 1.14 ± 0.4 | 1.03 ± 0.3 | 0.367 | 4 (22.2) | 14 (77.8) | 2 (11.8) | 15 (88.2) | ||
M: 1.9–5; W: 1.5–5 | 31–50 | 1.31 ± 0.4 | 1.07 ± 0.3 | 0.007 | 9 (23.7) | 29 (76.3) | 5 (13.2) | 33 (86.8) | ||
M: 1.9–5; W: 1.5–5 | 51–64 | 1.46 ± 0.6 | 1.08 ± 0.3 | 0.034 | 8 (34.8) | 15 (65.2) | 3 (23.1) | 10 (76.9) | ||
M: >1.6; W: >1.3 | 65–75 | 1.17 ± 0.3 | 1.83 ± 0.8 | 0.069 | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | ||
Zinc (mg)
M: 12; W: 10 | 14–30 | 8.6 ± 3.2 | 7.0 ± 2.2 | 0.108 | 3 (16.7) | 15 (83.3) | 1 (5.9) | 16 (94.1) | ||
M: 12; W: 10 | 31–50 | 10.0 ± 3.3 | 8.3 ± 2.8 | 0.016 | 5 (13.2) | 33 (86.8) | 7 (18.4) | 31 (81.6) | ||
M: 15–23; W: 15–23 | 51–64 | 9.7 ± 4.4 | 8.2 ± 4.2 | 0.327 | 1 (4.3) | 22 (95.7) | 1 (7.7) | 12 (92.3) | ||
M: 15–23; W: 15–23 | 65–75 | 8.7 ± 1.6 | 8.9 ± 3.2 | 0.866 | 6 (100) | 6 (100) | ||||
Cu/Zn
| 14–30 | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.16 ± 0.1 | 0.551 | 8 (44.4) | 4 (22.2) | 6 (33.3) | 9 (52.9) | 8 (47.1) | |
31–50 | 0.14 ± 0.1 | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.753 | 15 (39.5) | 23 (60.5) | 10 (26.3) | 28 (73.7) | |||
51–64 | 0.17 ± 0.1 | 0.15 ± 0.0 | 0.367 | 9 (39.1) | 14 (60.9) | 5 (38.5) | 8 (61.5) | |||
65–75 | 0.09 ± 0.0 | 0.21 ± 0.1 | 0.066 | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | |||
Selenium (µg)
70–300 | 14–30 | 115.9 ± 38.6 | 109.4 ± 33.6 | 0.602 | 16 (88.9) | 2 (11.1) | 14 (82.4) | 3 (17.6) | ||
31–50 | 135.5 ± 42.2 | 117.6 ± 34.3 | 0.046 | 37 (97.4) | 1 (2.6) | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | |||
51–64 | 122.7 ± 36.4 | 134.4 ± 46.7 | 0.408 | 20 (87) | 3 (13) | 12 (92.3) | 1 (7.7) | |||
65–75 | 151.6 ± 50.1 | 129.8 ± 50.1 | 0.468 | 6 (100) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) |
All Patients | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters Normal Ranges | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | p Values | Within | Below | Above | Within | Below | Above |
Vitamin C (µg/mL) ≥9.68–≤12.68 | 9.01 ± 3.7 | 8.3 ± 3.2 | 8.8 (0.9–14.85) | 9.99 ± 3.8 | 10.4 (0.9–23.8) | 0.003 | 23 (28) | 53 (64.6) | 6 (7.3) | 27 (37.5) | 29 (40.3) | 16 (22.2) |
Vitamin E (µg/mL) 8.6–19.24 | 13.1 ± 4.5 | 13.5 ± 5. | 12.2 (6.9–37.2) | 12.5 ± 3.2 | 12.4 (6.9–21.8) | 0.171 | 67 (79.8) | 8 (9.5) | 9 (10.7) | 65 (90.3) | 4 (5.6) | 3 (4.1) |
Vit C/Vit E (µg/mL) 1–1.1 | 0.76 ± 0.37 | 0.68 ± 0.4 | 0.67 (0.08–1.6) | 0.86 ± 0.4 | 0.86 (0.11–1.9) | 0.003 | 7 (8.8) | 64 (80) | 9 (11.2) | 6 (8.6) | 46 (65.7) | 18 (25.7) |
Cholesterol (g/L) 1.60–2.21 | 1.94 ± 0.4 | 1.94 ± 0.4 | 1.91 (1.2–3.2) | 1.95 ± 0.4 | 1.93 (0.9–3.0) | 0.870 | 44 (53) | 16 (19.3) | 23 (27.7) | 47 (63.5) | 11 (11.9) | 16 (21.6) |
Vit E/Chol 4.4–7 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.96 ± 2.3 | 6.5 (3.6–17.9) | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 6.3 (4.5–10.5) | 0.083 | 50 (61) | 2 (2.4) | 30 (36.6) | 52 (73.2) | 19 (26.8) | |
Copper (mg/L) M: 0.70–1.4 W: 0.80–1.55 | 1.03 ± 0.4 | 0.86 ± 0.2 | 0.85 (0.42–1.28) | 1.21 ± 0.37 | 1.13 (0.57–2.4) | <0.001 | 69 (83.1) | 14 (16.9) | 57 (78.1) | 4 (5.5) | 12 (16.4) | |
Zinc (mg/L) M: 0.70–1.20 W: 0.70–1.30 | 0.93 ± 0.2 | 0.95 ± 0.17 | 0.96 (0.5–1.5) | 0.90 ± 0.2 | 0.86 (0.55–1.5) | 0.107 | 73 (86.9) | 6 (7.1) | 5 (6) | 62 (84.9) | 7 (9.6) | 4 (5.5) |
Cu/Zn 1–1.17 | 1.16 ± 0.5 | 0.94 ± 0.23 | 0.94 (0.39–1.4) | 1.42 ± 0.57 | 1.26 (0.64–3.33) | 0.001 | 23 (27.7) | 48 (57.8) | 12 (14.5) | 15 (20.6) | 13 (17.8) | 45 (61.6) |
Selenium (µg/L) 94–130 | 91.1 ± 31.4 | 93.3 ± 35.1 | 89.2 (39.8–301) | 87.8 ± 22.1 | 88.1 (39.9–161) | 0.203 | 25 (29.8) | 52 (61.9) | 7 (8.3) | 24 (33.3) | 45 (62.5) | 3 (4.2) |
Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters Recommendations | Ages (Years) | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Value | Within n(%) | Below n (%) | Above n (%) | Within n (%) | Below n (%) | Above n (%) |
Vitamin C | 14–30 | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 10.7 ± 3.5 | 0.301 | 5 (29) | 10 (59) | 2 (12) | 5 (31) | 6 (38) | 5 (31) |
(µg/mL) | 31–50 | 8.1 ± 3.6 | 9.3 ± 3.4 | 0.139 | 9 (25) | 24 (67) | 3 (8) | 17 (46) | 17 (46) | 3 (8) |
≥9.68–≤12.68 | 51–64 | 8.2 ± 2.9 | 9.4 ± 4.2 | 0.326 | 7 (30) | 15 (65) | 1 (4) | 2 (15) | 6 (46) | 5 (38) |
65–75 | 6.4 ± 3.9 | 14.0 ± 4.9 | 0.014 | 2 (33) | 4 (67) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | |||
Vitamin E (µg/mL) | 14–30 | 10.4 ± 3.0 | 11.8 ± 3.3 | 0.185 | 13 (72) | 5 (28) | 15 (88) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | |
8.6–19.24 | 31–50 | 14.1 ± 4.9 | 11.7 ± 2.5 | 0.009 | 29 (78) | 2 (5) | 6 (16) | 34 (94) | 2 (6) | |
51–64 | 15.0 ± 5.9 | 13.6 ± 3.4 | 0.448 | 19 (83) | 1 (4) | 3 (13) | 12 (92) | 1 (8) | ||
65–75 | 12.9 ± 3.5 | 17.1 ± 2.7 | 0.042 | 6 (100) | 4 (67) | 2 (33) | ||||
Vit C/Vit E | 14–30 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.946 | 3 (18) | 9 (53) | 5 (29) | 2 (13) | 8 (50) | 6 (38) |
(µg/mL) 1–1.1 | 31–50 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.015 | 2 (6) | 30 (83) | 4 (11) | 2 (6) | 25 (69) | 9 (25) |
51–64 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.126 | 1 (5) | 20 (91) | 1 (5) | 2 (17) | 8 (67) | 2 (17) | |
65–75 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.117 | 1 (17) | 5 (83) | 5 (83) | 1 (17) | |||
Cholesterol (g/L) | 14–30 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 0.191 | 9 (50) | 9 (50) | 12 (71) | 5 (29) | ||
1.60–2.21 | 31–50 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 0.187 | 20 (56) | 4 (11) | 12 (33) | 28 (74) | 6 (16) | 4 (11) |
51–64 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 0.595 | 11 (46) | 3 (13) | 10 (42) | 6 (46) | 7 (54) | ||
65–75 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 0.017 | 5 (83) | 1 (17) | 1 (17) | 5 (83) | |||
Vit E/Chol | 14–30 | 6.7 ± 2.6 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 0.732 | 14 (78) | 4 (22) | 10 (59) | 7 (41) | ||
4.4–7 | 31–50 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 6.3 ± 1.1 | 0.059 | 22 (51) | 1 (3) | 13 (36) | 28 (78) | 8 (22) | |
51–64 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 0.085 | 11 (50) | 1 (5) | 10 (45) | 9 (75) | 3 (25) | ||
65–75 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 0.525 | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 5 (83) | 1 (17) | |||
Copper (mg/L) | 14–30 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.003 | 16 (89) | 2 (11) | 11 (65) | 1 (6) | 5 (29) | |
M: 0.70–1.4 | 31–50 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 30 (81) | 7 (19) | 29 (78) | 3 (8) | 5 (14) | |
W: 0.80–1.55 | 51–64 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 18 (82) | 4 (18) | 11 (85) | 2 (15) | ||
65–75 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.226 | 5 (82) | 1 (17) | 6 (100) | ||||
Zinc (mg/L) | 14–30 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.023 | 17 (94) | 1 (6) | 15 (88) | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | |
M: 0.70–1.20 | 31–50 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.133 | 30 (81) | 4 (11) | 3 (8) | 32 (86) | 4 (11) | 1 (3) |
W: 0.70–1.30 | 51–64 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.347 | 20(87) | 2 (9) | 1 (4) | 10 (77) | 1(8) | 2 (15) |
65–75 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.912 | 6 (100) | 6 (100) | |||||
Cu/Zn | 14–30 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.001 | 3 (17) | 14 (78) | 1 (6) | 3 (18) | 4 (24) | 10 (59) |
1–1.17 | 31–50 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 14 (38) | 21 (57) | 2 (5) | 7 (19) | 5 (14) | 25 (68) |
51–64 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.010 | 5 (23) | 10 (45) | 7 (32) | 1 (8) | 3 (23) | 9 (69) | |
65–75 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.326 | 1 (17) | 3 (50) | 2 (33) | 4 (67) | 1(17) | 1 (17) | |
Selenium (µg/L) | 14–30 | 75.7 ± 13.4 | 79.3 ± 17.8 | 0.503 | 1 (5) | 18 (95) | 2 (12) | 15 (88) | ||
94–130 | 31–50 | 105.1 ± 44.3 | 92.7 ± 22.8 | 0.139 | 15 (41) | 17 (46) | 5 (14) | 17 (47) | 17 (47) | 2 (6) |
51–64 | 93.4 ± 24.1 | 84.4 ± 26.0 | 0.303 | 8 (35) | 13 (57) | 2 (9) | 3 (23) | 9 (69) | 1 (8) | |
65–75 | 81.0 ± 28.9 | 89.4 ± 13.7 | 0.538 | 1 (17) | 5 (83) | 2 (33) | 4 (67) |
Control Subjects | All Patients | Men (n = 20) | Women (n = 12) | Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters Normal Ranges | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Values | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | p Values | Cohen’d | Ade-quate | Inadequate | Exces-sive | Ade-quate | Inadequate | Excessive |
Vitamin C (µg/mL) ≥9.68–≤ 2.68 | 11.6 ± 0.73 | 9.5 ± 3.3 | <0.001 | 9.06 ± 2.8 | 9.5 (2.57–13.41) | 10.3 ± 1.8 | 10.61 (6.4–12.94) | 0.142 | 0.494 | 8 (40) | 11 (55) | 1 (5) | 8 (66.7) | 3 (25) | 1 (8.3) |
Vitamin E (µg/mL) 8.6–19.24 | 11.45 ± 0.64 | 12.2 ± 4.5 | 0.263 | 13.2 ± 4 | 12.1 (8.1–23.3) | 10.6 ± 1.5 | 10.5 (7.1–13.2) | 0.015 | 0.783 | 17 (85) | 1 (5) | 2 (10) | 11 (91.7) | 1 (8.3) | |
Vit C/Vit E (µg/mL) 1–1.1 | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.36 | 0.006 | 0.74 ± 0.3 | 0.78 (0.21–1.3) | 1 ± 0.3 | 1.02 (0.49–1.43) | 0.016 | 0.897 | 3 (15) | 16 (80) | 1 (5) | 2 (16.7) | 6 (50) | 4 (33.3) |
Cholesterol (g/L) 1.60–2.21 | 1.7 ± 0.11 | 1.95 ± 0.6 | 0.033 | 2 ± 0.4 | 2.0 (1.39–2.63) | 1.87 ± 0.2 | 1.93 (1.44–2.12) | 0.226 | 0.406 | 10 (50) | 3 (15) | 7 (15) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | |
Vit E/Chol 4.4–7 | 6.7 ± 0.13 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | 0.062 | 6.61 ± 2.3 | 6.22 (3.89–10.16) | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.40 (4.86–6.92) | 0.025 | 0.736 | 12 (60) | 1 (5) | 7 (35) | 12 (100) | ||
Copper (mg/L) 0.94–1.20 M: 0.70–1.4 W: 0.80–1.55 | 1.02 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.4 | 0.892 | 0.87 ± 0.1 | 0.92 (0.55–1.08) | 1.25 ± 0.27 | 1.23 (0.86–1.75) | <0.001 | 1.899 | 19 (95) | 1 (5) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | ||
Zinc (mg/L) M: 0.70–1.20 W: 0.70–1.30 | 0.96 ± 0.11 | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.022 | 0.85 ± 0.16 | 0.87 (0.51–1.19) | 0.80 ± 0.12 | 0.82 (0.55–1.03) | 0.289 | 0.368 | 16 (80) | 4 (20) | 11 (91.7) | 1 (8.3) | ||
Cu/Zn 1–1.17 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 1.25 ± 0.5 | 0.049 | 1.0 ± 0.23 | 1.06 (0.76–1.36) | 1.60 ± 0.43 | 1.49 (1.04–2.27) | 0.001 | 1.958 | 11 (55) | 6 (30) | 3 (15) | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | |
Selenium (µg/L) 94–130 | 110.07 ± 8.0 | 107.3 ± 34.1 | 0.516 | 111.3 ± 27.9 | 104.25 (79–197.7) | 100.7 ± 10.4 | 100.55 (76.0–113.8) | 0.138 | 0.459 | 10 (50) | 6 (30) | 4 (20) | 9 (75) | 3 (25) |
Controls | All Patients | Men (n = 20) | Women (n = 12) | Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters Normal Ranges | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p Values | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | Mean ± SD | Median (Min–Max) | p Values | Cohend | Within | Below | Above | Within | Below | Above |
GSH tot (μmol/L) (717–1110) | 828.1 ± 66.5 | 812.0 ± 192.4 | 0.644 | 808.7 ± 138.9 | 822.0 (572–1085) | 817.5 ± 127.3 | 809.0 (565–994) | 0.856 | 0.065 | 15 (75) | 5 (25) | 10 (83) | 2 (17) | ||
GSH (μmol/L) (715–1090) | 822.8 ± 67.3 | 799.2 ± 190.0 | 0.501 | 795.9 ± 142.7 | 818.6 (559.2–1083) | 804.7 ± 116.0 | 799.41 (563.9–977.8) | 0.852 | 0.065 | 14 (70) | 6 (30) | 10 (83) | 2 (17) | ||
GSSG (μmol/L) (0.96–10) <4.85 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 6.4 ± 10.1 | 0.050 | 6.4 ± 9 | 1.92 (0.53–28.3) | 6.4 ± 12.4 | 2.53 (0.53–45) | 0.995 | 0.003 | 16 (80 | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 9 (75) | 2 (17) | 1 (8) |
GSH/GSSG (111–747) | 381 ± 186.7 | 468.9 ± 392.6 | 0.372 | 456.9 ± 396.5 | 422.5 (24–1357) | 489.0 ± 395.9 | 348.5 (20–1268) | 0.926 | 0.081 | 10 (50) | 5 (25) | 5 (25) | 7 (58) | 2 (17) | 3 (25) |
GSH–Px (UI/g Hb) | 38.1 ± 5 | 48.5 ± 14.4 | 0.001 | 48.6 ± 13.3 | 46.3 (30.9–88.2) | 48.2 ± 8.8 | 46.7 (33–68.5) | 0.922 | 0.033 | ||||||
CuZnSOD (UI/g Hb) | 1178.6 ± 206.2 | 2199.6 ± 701.1 | <0.001 | 2195.0 ± 483.1 | 2080.5 (1668–2933.8) | 2206.1 ± 650.6 | 1955.6 (1523.8–3185.2) | 0.966 | 0.020 | ||||||
Lipid peroxides (μmol/L) (<432) | 148 ± 31.3 | 523.4 ± 354.9 | <0.001 | 329.7 ± 137.5 | 270 (160–608) | 846.3 ± 357.3 | 822.5 (316–1543) | <0.001 | 2.131 | 14 (70) | 6 (30) | 2 (17) | 10 (83) | ||
Oxidized DNA (μg/L) (0–16) | 8.08 ± 2.39 | 23.5 ± 12.6 | <0.001 | 25.2 ± 13.7 | 21.3 (6.8–61.4) | 20.9 ± 8.9 | 17.8 (11.8–38.8) | 0.292 | 0.358 | 6 (32) | 13 (68) | 4 (33) | 8 (67) | ||
Oxidized DNA/creatinine (0–20) | ND | 17.6 ± 7.8 | 17.7 ± 8.3 | 15.4 (7–33.6) | 17.4 ± 5.3 | 15.6 (11.4–28.9) | 0.907 | 0.039 | 12 (63) | 7 (37) | 9 (75) | 3 (25) |
Control Subjects (n = 7) | Patients with FSHD (n = 32) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Men (n = 4) | Women (n = 3) | All | Men (n = 20) | Women (n = 12) | Between Group Differences | |||||
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | All Controls vs. All FSHD | HC Men vs. HC Women | FSHD Men vs. FSHD Women | FSHD vs. HC Men | FSHD vs. HC Women | |
MVCQD | 36.7 ± 4.9 | 37.3 ± 3 | 36.0 ± 7.1 | 16.5 ± 12.68 | 20.5 ± 14.15 | 9.9 ± 5.6 | <0.001 | 0.088 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.013 |
MVC Q ND | ND | 13.8 ± 12.1 | 17.03 ± 14.06 | 8.63 ± 5.3 | 0.026 | 0.026 | |||||
Dominant thigh | |||||||||||
MVT | 2974.7 ** ± 880.7 | 3656.3 ± 615.6 | 2293.0 ± 407.6 | 1950.5 ** ± 1194.4 | 2256.3 ** ± 1275.9 | 1440.8 ± 869.2 | 0.037 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.026 | 0.040 |
FVT | 173.1 ± 64.9 | 152.3 ± 41.8 | 193.9 ± 86.5 | 907.6 ± 639.4 | 991.7 ± 733.8 | 767.6 ± 433.2 | <0.001 | 0.509 | 0.286 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
TVT | 3147.7 * ± 843.4 | 3808.6 ± 579.1 | 2486.9 ± 364.4 | 2858.1 *** ± 891.3 | 3247.9 *** ± 807.5 | 2208.5 ± 613.1 | 0.467 | 0.037 | <0.001 | 0.228 | 0.355 |
%FVT | 6.1 ± 3.4 | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 8.0 ± 0.8 | 36.7 ** ± 27.9 | 34.9 ± 28.8 | 39.6 ± 27.3 | <0.001 | 0.215 | 0.652 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
%MV | 93.9 ± 3.4 | 95.8 ± 1.7 | 92.0 ± 3.8 | 63.3 * ± 27.9 | 65.1 ** ± 28.8 | 60.4 ± 27.3 | <0.001 | 0.215 | 0.652 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Non-dominant thigh | |||||||||||
MVT | 2561.4 ± 621 | 3656.3 ± 615.6 | 2293.0 ± 407.6 | 2140.4 ± 1225.3 | 2540.4 ± 1234.6 | 1473.8 ± 907.1 | 0.074 | 0.040 | 0.009 | 0.056 | 0.041 |
FVT | 190.8 ± 55.3 | 177.8 ± 59.7 | 199.5 ± 63.8 | 872.2 ± 611.9 | 948.2 ± 690.3 | 745.4 ± 451.8 | <0.001 | 0.729 | 0.323 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
TVT | 2752.3 ± 593.2 | 3774.9 ± 504.9 | 2492.5 ± 364.7 | 3012.6 ± 952.0 | 3488.6 ± 794.1 | 2219.2 ± 605.3 | 0.727 | 0.027 | <0.001 | 0.452 | 0.306 |
%FVT | 7.4 ± 3.2 | 5.1 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 3.2 | 33.8 ± 26.9 | 30.6 ± 25.2 | 38.6 ± 28.3 | <0.001 | 0.275 | 0.426 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
%MVT | 93.6 ± 3.2 | 94.9 ± 2.0 | 91.7 ± 3.2 | 66.2 ± 26.9 | 69.4 ± 25.2 | 60.9 ± 29.8 | <0.001 | 0.275 | 0.426 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Parameter 1 | Parameter 2 | All Patients (n = 159) | Men (n = 85) | Women (n = 74) | All Patients (n = 32) | Men (n = 20) | Women (n = 12) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | ||
Correlations between calorie intake and dietary energy parameters and micronutrient intakes | |||||||||||||
CI | Proteins (g/kg body weight) | 0.316 | <0.001 | 0.531 | <0.001 | 0.415 | <0.001 | ||||||
CI | Protein/energy % | −0.316 | <0.001 | −0.372 | <0.001 | −0.296 | <0.001 | −0.513 | 0.003 | −0.456 | 0.043 | ||
CI | Proteins (kcal) | 0.489 | <0.001 | 0.494 | <0.001 | 0.557 | <0.001 | 0.544 | 0.002 | 0.576 | 0.008 | ||
CI | Lipids (kcal) | 0.637 | <0.001 | 0.731 | <0.001 | 0.816 | <0.001 | 0.788 | <0.001 | 0.803 | <0.001 | 0.891 | <0.001 |
CI | Carbohydrates (kcal) | 0.776 | <0.001 | 0.744 | <0.001 | 0.776 | <0.001 | 0.85 | <0.001 | 0.786 | <0.001 | 0.691 | 0.016 |
CI | Vitamin E | 0.470 | <0.001 | 0.463 | <0.001 | 0.421 | <0.001 | 0.566 | <0.001 | 0.559 | 0.010 | ||
CI | VitC/VitE ratio | −0.245 | 0.003 | −0.238 | 0.036 | ||||||||
CI | Cholesterol | 0.317 | <0.001 | 0.357 | 0.001 | 0.233 | 0.047 | 0.479 | 0.007 | 0.472 | 0.035 | 0.709 | 0.013 |
CI | Selenium | 0.353 | <0.001 | 0.365 | 0.001 | ||||||||
CI | Copper | 0.429 | <0.001 | 0.382 | <0.001 | 0.385 | <0.001 | 0.539 | 0.002 | 0.591 | 0.006 | ||
CI | Zinc | 0.492 | <0.001 | 0.321 | 0.004 | 0.581 | <0.001 | 0.407 | 0.023 | 0.426 | 0.05 | ||
CI | Cu/Zn ratio | −0.281 | 0.016 | ||||||||||
Correlations between micronutrient intakes | |||||||||||||
Copper | Zinc | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.268 | 0.014 | 0.379 | <0.001 | ||||||
Cu/Zn ratio | Copper | 0.43 | <0.001 | 0.519 | <0.001 | 0.371 | 0.001 | ||||||
Cu/Zn ratio | Zinc | −0.648 | <0.001 | −0.641 | <0.001 | −0.671 | <0.001 | ||||||
Copper | Selenium | 0.288 | <0.001 | 0.252 | 0.021 | 0.27 | 0.020 | ||||||
Zinc | Selenium | 0.296 | <0.001 | 0.271 | 0.013 | 0.267 | 0.022 | ||||||
Correlations between age and micronutrients intakes | |||||||||||||
Age | Vitamin C | 0.164 | 0.040 | 0.282 | 0.010 | ||||||||
Age | VitC/VitE ratio | 0.265 | 0.015 | ||||||||||
Correlations between age and plasma concentration of micronutrients | |||||||||||||
Age | Vitamin C | −0.233 | 0.035 | ||||||||||
Age | Vitamin E | 0.358 | <0.001 | 0.324 | 0.003 | 0.357 | 0.002 | ||||||
Age | VitC/VitE ratio | −0.266 | 0.001 | −0.338 | 0.002 | ||||||||
Age | Cholesterol | 0.469 | <0.001 | 0.380 | <0.001 | 0.551 | <0.001 | ||||||
Correlations between PAL and dietary energy and micronutrient intakes | |||||||||||||
PAL | CI | 0.302 | 0.001 | 0.415 | 0.020 | 0.671 | 0.021 | ||||||
PAL | Protein/energy % | −0.671 | 0.021 | ||||||||||
PAL | Lipid /energy % | −0.495 | 0.026 | ||||||||||
PAL | Protide (kcal) | 0.215 | 0.019 | 0.434 | 0.015 | ||||||||
PAL | Carbohydrates (kcal) | 0.271 | 0.003 | 0.388 | 0.031 | 0.671 | 0.021 | ||||||
PAL | Copper intake | 0.195 | 0.033 | 0.306 | 0.016 | ||||||||
PAL | Zinc intake | 0.270 | 0.003 | 0.282 | 0.027 | ||||||||
PAL | Selenium intake | 0.204 | 0.026 | ||||||||||
Correlations between PAL and plasma concentration of micronutrients | |||||||||||||
PAL | Plasma Copper | −0.355 | <0.001 | 0.281 | 0.034 | ||||||||
PAL | Plasma Cu/Zn | −0.351 | <0.001 | −0.387 | 0.032 |
ALL (n = 32) | Men (n = 20) | Women (n = 12) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | ||
Correlations between calorie intake and muscle parameters | |||||||
CI | MV DOM | 0.396 | 0.027 | 0.718 | 0.011 | ||
CI | MV ND | 0.349 | 0.050 | 0.655 | 0.026 | ||
CI | %MV DOM | 0.384 | 0.033 | 0.800 | 0.001 | ||
CI | %MV ND | 0.347 | 0.050 | 0.745 | 0.007 | ||
CI | FV DOM | −0.800 | 0.001 | ||||
CI | FV ND | −0.764 | 0.005 | ||||
CI | %FV DOM | −0.384 | 0.032 | −0.800 | 0.001 | ||
CI | %FV ND | −0.347 | 0.050 | −0.745 | 0.007 | ||
CI | TV DOM | 0.369 | 0.041 | ||||
CI | TV ND | 0.374 | 0.038 | ||||
CI | PAL | 0.415 | 0.020 | 0.671 | 0.021 | ||
Correlations between muscle parameters and blood concentrations of micronutrients and oxidative stress markers | |||||||
Vitamin E | FV DOM | −0.664 | 0.017 | ||||
Vitamin E | %FV DOM | −0.629 | 0.026 | ||||
Vitamin E | %MV DOM | 0.629 | 0.026 | ||||
Vit C/E ratio | TV DOM | −0.439 | 0.012 | ||||
Vit C/E ratio | TV ND | −0.467 | 0.007 | ||||
VitE/chol | MV ND | 0.657 | 0.019 | ||||
VitE/chol | TV DOM | 0.629 | 0.026 | ||||
VitE/chol | TV ND | 0.414 | 0.019 | 0.776 | 0.002 | ||
Copper | MV DOM | 0.615 | 0.031 | ||||
Cu/Zn ratio | %MV DOM | 0.450 | 0.046 | ||||
GSH total | %MV DOM | 0.445 | 0.048 | ||||
GSH | %MV DOM | 0.447 | 0.048 | ||||
GSH total | %FV DOM | −0.445 | 0.048 | ||||
GSH | %FV DOM | −0.447 | 0.048 | ||||
CuZnSOD | MV DOM | 0.661 | 0.033 | ||||
CuZnSOD | MV ND | 0.697 | 0.022 | ||||
CuZnSOD | FV DOM | −0.697 | 0.022 | ||||
CuZnSOD | FV ND | −0.673 | 0.029 | ||||
CuZnSOD | TV DOM | 0.648 | 0.038 | ||||
CuZnSOD | %MV DOM | 0.733 | 0.013 | ||||
CuZnSOD | %MV ND | 0.673 | 0.029 | ||||
CuZnSOD | %FV DOM | −0.733 | 0.013 | ||||
CuZnSOD | %FV ND | −0.673 | 0.029 | ||||
Lipid peroxides | MV DOM | −0.427 | 0.017 | −0.498 | 0.025 | ||
Lipid peroxides | MV ND | −0.471 | 0.007 | −0.540 | 0.014 | ||
Lipid peroxides | TV DOM | −0.584 | <0.001 | −0.567 | 0.009 | ||
Lipid peroxides | TV ND | −0.615 | <0.001 | −0.519 | 0.019 | ||
Lipid peroxides | FV ND | 0.463 | 0.039 | ||||
Lipid peroxides | %MV DOM | −0.450 | 0.046 | ||||
Lipid peroxides | %MV ND | −0.535 | 0.015 | ||||
Lipid peroxides | %FV DOM | 0.450 | 0.046 | ||||
Lipid peroxides | %FV ND | 0.535 | 0.015 | ||||
oxDNA/creat ratio | MV DOM | −0.635 | <0.001 | −0.725 | <0.001 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | MV ND | −0.566 | <0.001 | −0.674 | <0.001 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | %MV DOM | −0.637 | <0.001 | −0.735 | <0.001 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | %MV ND | −0.584 | <0.001 | −0.642 | 0.003 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | FV DOM | 0.633 | <0.001 | 0.682 | <0.001 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | FV ND | 0.585 | <0.001 | 0.654 | 0.002 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | %FV DOM | 0.637 | <0.001 | 0.735 | <0.001 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | %FV ND | 0.584 | <0.001 | 0.642 | <0.001 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | TV DOM | −0.362 | 0.045 | −0.532 | 0.019 | ||
oxDNA/creat ratio | TV ND | −0.474 | 0.039 | ||||
Correlations between PAL and muscle parameters | |||||||
PAL | TV ND | 0.365 | 0.040 | ||||
PAL | FV DOM | −0.481 | 0.031 | ||||
PAL | FV ND | −0.458 | 0.042 | ||||
PAL | %FV DOM | −0.435 | 0.05 | ||||
PAL | %FV ND | −0.461 | 0.040 | ||||
PAL | %MV DOM | 0.435 | 0.05 | ||||
PAL | %MV ND | 0.461 | 0.040 | ||||
Correlations between blood concentration of micronutrients and oxidative stress markers | |||||||
Copper | Cu/Zn ratio | 0.641 | <0.001 | 0.741 | 0.005 | ||
Vitamin C | Copper | 0.411 | 0.019 | ||||
Vitamin C | Cu/Zn ratio | 0.445 | 0.012 | ||||
Lipid peroxides | Copper | 0.729 | <0.001 | 0.936 | <0.001 | ||
Lipid peroxides | Cu/Zn ratio | 0.502 | 0.005 | 0.855 | <0.001 | ||
Vitamin E | Cholesterol | 0.588 | <0.001 | 0.637 | 0.002 | ||
Vitamin E | VitC/E ratio | −0.742 | <0.001 | −0.674 | 0.001 | −0.692 | 0.011 |
Vitamin C | VitC/E ratio | 0.791 | <0.001 | 0.732 | <0.001 | 0.895 | <0.001 |
VitC/E ratio | Cholesterol | −0.422 | 0.016 | ||||
VitC/E ratio | Copper | 0.376 | 0.034 | ||||
VitC/E ratio | Lipid peroxides | 0.433 | 0.015 | ||||
GSH tot | GSH | 0.991 | <0.001 | 0.988 | <0.001 | 0.993 | <0.001 |
GSH tot | GSSG | 0.741 | 0.005 | ||||
GSH tot | GSH/GSSG ratio | −0.657 | 0.019 | ||||
GSH | GSH/GSSG ratio | 0.454 | 0.044 | −0.622 | 0.028 | ||
GSSG | GSH | 0.720 | 0.007 | ||||
GSSG | GSH/GSSG ratio | −0.985 | <0.001 | −0.976 | <0.001 | −0.972 | <0.001 |
Copper | GSH/GSSG ratio | 0.655 | 0.002 | ||||
Copper | GSSG | −0.653 | 0.002 | ||||
oxDNA/creat ratio | GSH tot | −0.486 | 0.034 | ||||
oxDNA/creat ratio | Cu/Zn ratio | 0.551 | 0.014 | ||||
oxDNA/creat ratio | GSH | −0.373 | 0.039 | −0.479 | 0.037 | ||
GSH | Lipid peroxides | 0.618 | 0.039 |
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Amzali, S.; Wilson, V.D.; Bommart, S.; Picot, M.-C.; Galas, S.; Mercier, J.; Poucheret, P.; Cristol, J.-P.; Arbogast, S.; Laoudj-Chenivesse, D. Nutritional Status of Patients with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071673
Amzali S, Wilson VD, Bommart S, Picot M-C, Galas S, Mercier J, Poucheret P, Cristol J-P, Arbogast S, Laoudj-Chenivesse D. Nutritional Status of Patients with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy. Nutrients. 2023; 15(7):1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071673
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmzali, Sedda, Vinicius Dias Wilson, Sébastien Bommart, Marie-Christine Picot, Simon Galas, Jacques Mercier, Patrick Poucheret, Jean-Paul Cristol, Sandrine Arbogast, and Dalila Laoudj-Chenivesse. 2023. "Nutritional Status of Patients with Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy" Nutrients 15, no. 7: 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071673