Capsaicin: A Potential Treatment to Improve Cerebrovascular Function and Cognition in Obesity and Ageing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. An Overview of Cognition and Cerebrovascular Function
3. Ageing and Obesity Are Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Dysregulation
3.1. Ageing
3.2. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline
4. Capsaicin
Disease State | Main Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cardiovascular | ↓Blood pressure | [97] |
Cancer | Anti-proliferative | [88] |
Neuropathic pain | ↓Painful neuropathy | [98,99] |
Adiposity and metabolic derangements | ↑Energy expenditure ↑Fat oxidation ↑Thermogenesis ↑Glucose tolerance ↑Insulin sensitivity ↑Resting metabolic rate ↓Body mass ↓Total cholesterol ↓Triglycerides ↓ Glucose | [83,100,101,102,103,104] |
Capsaicin: A Brief Overview of Its Role as Anti-Cardiometabolic Disease Treatment
5. The Effects of Capsaicin on Cognition and Cerebrovascular Function
5.1. Cognition in Animal Studies
5.2. Cognition in Human Studies
5.3. Cerebrovascular Function in Animals and Humans
6. Capsaicin Summary
Reference | Species and Characteristics | Capsaicin Dosage/Application (Duration) | Outcomes of Capsaicin Treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Effects of acute dose capsaicin on cognition in animals | |||
[143] | Adult male Sprague Dawley rats | 125 mg/kg s.c. (3 days) | ↓BBB permeability ↓vasogenic oedema formation ↓motor and cognitive deficit ↑free magnesium |
[22] | Ischaemia model Male Mongolian gerbils | 0.025, 0.05, 0.01, 0.2, 0.6 mg/kg s.c. | ↑cognition ↑neuronal activity |
[145] | Young male Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg i.G. | ↑spatial memory ↑neuronal long-term potentiation |
[132] | Female Sabra mice | 1.25 µg/kg i.p. (single dose) | ↑cognitive function ↑neurological score |
[130] | C57BL/6 WT mice | 1 mg/kg i.v. (8 days) | ↑spatial learning ↑hippocampal CGRP ↑IGF-1 expression |
[129] | Sprague Dawley rats (Grade II, male) | 10 mg/kg i.G. (single dose) | ↑cognitive performance ↑hippocampal CREB |
[23] | Male Wistar mice | 10 mg/kg i.p. (single dose) | ↑cognitive performance |
[24] | P17-30 C57BL/6 (WT) and TRPV1 KO male mice | Hippocampal slices (tissue bath) | ↓Aβ neuronal degradation |
[131] | Male Wistar rats | 0.5, 0.3, 0.1 µg/rat (intrahippocampal injection) | ↑memory ↑TRPV1 ↑cAMP mRNA |
[118] | APP23/PS45 double transgenic AD mice | 1 mg/kg i.p.(single dose) | ↑spatial learning ↑memory ↑TRPV1 upregulation ↓hippocampal neurotic plaques |
Effects of chronic dose capsaicin in animals | |||
[117] | Adult C57B1/6 mice | 1 mg/kg/day i.p. (2 weeks) | ↑spatial learning ↑memory ↑PSD95 expression ↓synapse loss |
[25] | Adult male Sprague Dawley rats | AlCl3 + 25, 50 mg/kg/day i.p. capsicum extract 50 mg/kg/day i.p. capsicum extract (1.2% capsaicin) (30 days) | ↓neuro and systemic inflammation ↓oxidative stress ↓Aβ-peptide accumulation ↓cerebral cortex, substantia nigra and hippocampal neurodegeneration ↑ brain NO concentration and memory |
[125] | Adult albino mice | 10 mg/kg i.G. (47 days) | ↓behavioural impairments ↓Aβ1-42 ↓tau proteins |
[123] | Male Wistar rats | Scopolamine + 50 mg/kg oral chilli oleoresin (13 days) | ↓Acetylcholinesterase (−50%) ↑locomotion activity ↓escape latency time |
[141] | Male, female C57BL/6J littermate ApoE4 mice | 1 mg/kg i.p./day (1 month) | ↓memory impairment ↓tau pathology ↓neuronal autophagy ↓microglial phagocytosis |
[27] | APP/PS1 transgenic mice on C57BL/6 background | 0.1% capsaicin-rich chow (approx. 30 mg/kg capsaicin) (6 months) | ↑memory ↑spatial learning ↓Aβ plaque density ↓Aβ vessel deposition ↓Aβ42, ↓Aβ40 ↓hyperphosphorylation and tau ↓neuroinflammation ↓neurodegeneration ↓proinflammatory cytokines ↑synapse related proteins |
[124] | C47BL6/J mice; APP/PSI mice | 2 mg/kg, i.p. (4 weeks) | ↑spatial learning ↑memory ↓Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio ↑basal synaptic activity ↓hippocampal oxidative stress ↓hippocampal Neuroinflammation |
Effect of capsaicin on animal cerebrovasculature | |||
[134] | Adult felines | 10−7–10−5 M (tissue bath) | ↑vasodilation |
[137] | C57BL/6J mice; TRPV1 KO mice; Wistar-Kyoto rats; Stroke-prone, hypertensive male mice | chow + 0.01% dietary capsaicin (0.01% mice; 0.02% rats) (6 months) | ↑phosphorylated eNOS ↑eNOS expression Delayed stroke onset TRPV1 function ↑cerebrovascular activity |
[135] | Male Sprague Dawley rats | 100 nM (low dose), 10 µM (high dose) (in vivo and dural application) (20 weeks) | ↑meningeal blood flow ↑CGRP release |
Effect of capsaicin on human cerebrovasculature | |||
[138] | Healthy male adults (n = 30) 21 ± 5 years old | 33, 66, 99, 132, 165 µM dose escalation Hemi-palate (20 min) | ↑MCA velocity |
Effect of capsaicin on cognition in humans | |||
[133] | Long-term community dwelling adults (n = 338) ≥40 years | Capsaicin dietary intake assessed by food frequency questionnaire | ↑cognition Improved Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio |
7. Capsimax
8. Summary
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Study Design | Species/Participants/Sex | Study Duration | Capsaicin Dosage | Primary Outcome/s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effects of Capsimax in animal studies | |||||
[152] | Random allocation | C57BL/6J male mice (n = 24) | 52 days | 0.84 mg/kg/day + high fat diet | ↑thermogenesis ↓body mass ↓lipogenesis |
[153] | Random allocation | Male Wistar rats (n = 42) | 8 weeks | 10 mg/kg/day | ↓Inflammatory markers ↓body mass |
[108] | Random allocation | Male albino Wistar rats (n = 28) | 8 weeks | 10 mg/kg/day | ↑antioxidants ↓inflammation ↑time to exhaustion |
Effects of Capsimax in human studies | |||||
[154] | Single-blind, crossover | Healthy adults (n = 40) 17F/23M | 3 h | 100 mg single dose | ↑resting energy expenditure |
[149] | Double-blind, crossover, randomised control trial | Healthy adults (n = 20) 10F/10M | 3 h | 100 mg single dose | ↑free fatty acids ↑glycerol |
[155] | Single blind, crossover, randomised control trial | Obese, hospitalised 15–34 years in weight reduction program (n = 10) 4F/6M | 6 h | 100 mg single dose | ↑resting energy expenditure ↑satiety ↓hunger |
[148] | Open-label, dose-finding, adaptive study | Healthy overweight 25–55 years women (n = 12) | 6 weeks | 100 mg/day +100 mg/day weekly escalating until 500 mg/day/week | Tolerable up to 500 mg/day No adverse events No dropouts |
[150] | Randomised control trial | Overweight or obese 18–51 years women (n = 61) | 12 weeks | 200 mg/day + diet restriction | ↓fat mass ↓body mass ↓waist circumference ↑free fat mass |
[156] | Parallel double-blind, randomised control trial | Heathy 18–56 years (n = 77) 47F; 30M | 12 weeks | 100 mg/day 200 mg/day | ↓fat mass (−6.68%) ↓body mass (−5.91%) |
[157] | Double-blind, randomised control trial | Healthy adults (n = 77) | 12 weeks | 100 mg/day 200 mg/day | ↓kJ intake ↓waist-to-hip ratio ↓appetite ↓HDL cholesterol |
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Thornton, T.; Mills, D.; Bliss, E. Capsaicin: A Potential Treatment to Improve Cerebrovascular Function and Cognition in Obesity and Ageing. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061537
Thornton T, Mills D, Bliss E. Capsaicin: A Potential Treatment to Improve Cerebrovascular Function and Cognition in Obesity and Ageing. Nutrients. 2023; 15(6):1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061537
Chicago/Turabian StyleThornton, Tammy, Dean Mills, and Edward Bliss. 2023. "Capsaicin: A Potential Treatment to Improve Cerebrovascular Function and Cognition in Obesity and Ageing" Nutrients 15, no. 6: 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061537