The Development of Appetite: Tracking and Age-Related Differences in Appetitive Traits in Childhood
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Measurement Tools
2.2.1. Child Eating Behavior
2.2.2. Sample Characteristics
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cross-Sectional Results
3.2. Longitudinal Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (N = 335) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean (or N) | SD (or %) | Range | |
Mothers | ||||
Maternal age | 330 | 36.64 | 6.43 | 21.08 to 57.42 |
Maternal education | 312 | |||
(Partial) high school | 32 | 10.3 | ||
Partial college or specialized training | 75 | 24.0 | ||
College graduate | 86 | 27.6 | ||
Graduate training (master’s, PhD) | 119 | 38.1 | ||
MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status [17] | 313 | 5.51 | 1.59 | 2 to 10 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | 309 | 26.6 | 6.88 | 16.6 to 53.0 |
Children | ||||
BMI z-score (WHO reference data) | 275 | 0.40 | 1.32 | −4.71 to 5.14 |
Sex (female) | 335 | 143 | 42.6 | |
Race | 323 | |||
Asian | 4 | 1.2 | ||
Black or African American | 18 | 5.6 | ||
More than 1 race | 59 | 18.3 | ||
White | 242 | 74.9 | ||
Ethnicity | 328 | |||
Hispanic/Latino | 54 | 16.5 | ||
Non-Hispanic/Latino | 274 | 83.5 | ||
Age in years at 1st observation (all participants) | 335 | 6.04 | 2.98 | 2.00 to 15.24 |
2–3 years | 105 | 31.3 | ||
4–5 years | 79 | 23.6 | ||
6–7 years | 66 | 19.7 | ||
8–9 years | 41 | 12.2 | ||
10+ years | 44 | 13.1 | ||
Age in years at 1st observation (participants with 2 observations) | 127 | 5.86 | 2.68 | 2.01 to 12.45 |
Age in years at 2nd observation | 127 | 6.97 | 2.69 | 2.53 to 13.46 |
Time lag between 1st and 2nd observations (in months) | 127 | 13.29 | 3.80 | 4.87 to 32.74 |
Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire | Child Age | |
---|---|---|
r | p | |
FR | −0.055 | 0.319 |
EF | −0.073 | 0.187 |
EOE | 0.203 | <0.001 |
DD | −0.227 | <0.001 |
SR | −0.160 | 0.004 |
SE | −0.266 | <0.001 |
FUS | −0.014 | 0.797 |
EUE | −0.119 | 0.031 |
All Participants (1st Observation) | Observation 1 | Observation 2 | Paired t-Test | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s Alpha | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean Change (SD) Ob2–Ob1 | t-Score | p-Value | Cohen’s d | |
Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire | N = 337 | n = 127 | |||||||||
FR | 0.762 | 2.34 | 0.76 | 2.30 | 0.73 | 2.26 | 0.72 | −0.04 (0.61) | −0.698 | 0.486 | −0.062 |
EF | 0.862 | 3.74 | 0.73 | 3.74 | 0.74 | 3.70 | 0.73 | −0.04 (0.56) | −0.799 | 0.426 | −0.072 |
EOE | 0.744 | 1.59 | 0.57 | 1.55 | 0.54 | 1.69 | 0.63 | 0.14 (0.55) | 2.829 | 0.005 | 0.251 |
DD | 0.841 | 2.71 | 1.02 | 2.57 | 1.01 | 2.54 | 1.00 | −0.03 (0.97) | −0.338 | 0.736 | −0.030 |
SR | 0.742 | 2.87 | 0.64 | 2.94 | 0.61 | 2.97 | 0.61 | 0.03 (0.45) | 0.791 | 0.431 | 0.071 |
SE | 0.770 | 2.84 | 0.79 | 2.93 | 0.80 | 2.96 | 0.81 | 0.04 (0.64) | 0.626 | 0.532 | 0.056 |
FUS | 0.915 | 2.90 | 0.91 | 2.89 | 0.84 | 2.89 | 0.90 | −0.01 (0.61) | −0.153 | 0.879 | −0.014 |
EUE | 0.809 | 2.51 | 0.87 | 2.56 | 0.81 | 2.57 | 0.88 | 0.01 (0.78) | 0.172 | 0.864 | 0.015 |
Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (n = 127) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson Correlation | Partial Correlation with Age at 1st Observation | Partial Correlation with Age at 1st Observation and Time Lag | ||||
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
FR | 0.644 | <0.001 | 0.644 | <0.001 | 0.648 | <0.001 |
EF | 0.708 | <0.001 | 0.708 | <0.001 | 0.702 | <0.001 |
EOE | 0.562 | <0.001 | 0.550 | <0.001 | 0.555 | <0.001 |
DD | 0.533 | <0.001 | 0.524 | <0.001 | 0.518 | <0.001 |
SR | 0.726 | <0.001 | 0.724 | <0.001 | 0.722 | <0.001 |
SE | 0.685 | <0.001 | 0.679 | <0.001 | 0.689 | <0.001 |
FUS | 0.760 | <0.001 | 0.763 | <0.001 | 0.767 | <0.001 |
EUE | 0.576 | <0.001 | 0.574 | <0.001 | 0.576 | <0.001 |
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Jansen, E.; Thapaliya, G.; Beauchemin, J.; D’Sa, V.; Deoni, S.; Carnell, S., on behalf of RESONANCE Consortium. The Development of Appetite: Tracking and Age-Related Differences in Appetitive Traits in Childhood. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061377
Jansen E, Thapaliya G, Beauchemin J, D’Sa V, Deoni S, Carnell S on behalf of RESONANCE Consortium. The Development of Appetite: Tracking and Age-Related Differences in Appetitive Traits in Childhood. Nutrients. 2023; 15(6):1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061377
Chicago/Turabian StyleJansen, Elena, Gita Thapaliya, Jennifer Beauchemin, Viren D’Sa, Sean Deoni, and Susan Carnell on behalf of RESONANCE Consortium. 2023. "The Development of Appetite: Tracking and Age-Related Differences in Appetitive Traits in Childhood" Nutrients 15, no. 6: 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061377
APA StyleJansen, E., Thapaliya, G., Beauchemin, J., D’Sa, V., Deoni, S., & Carnell, S., on behalf of RESONANCE Consortium. (2023). The Development of Appetite: Tracking and Age-Related Differences in Appetitive Traits in Childhood. Nutrients, 15(6), 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061377