Circulating Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Spexin in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome during Growth Hormone Treatment and Dietary Intervention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Assessment of Dietary Intake
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Biochemical Analyses
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics and Dietary Intake of Children with PWS
3.2. Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake of the PWS Subgroups with Lower BMI Z-Score (BMI Z-Score < −0.5) and Higher BMI Z-Score (BMI Z-Score ≥ −0.5)
3.3. Appetite-Regulating Peptides in the PWS Subgroups with Lower BMI Z-Score (BMI Z-Score < −0.5) and Higher BMI Z-Score (BMI Z-Score ≥ −0.5)
3.4. Associations between Peptides Regulating Appetite and Anthropometric Parameters in Children with PWS
3.5. Nesfatin-1 and Spexin Concentrations in Children with PWS Depending on the Nutritional Phase
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Children with PWS n = 25 | Healthy Children n = 30 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 6.3 ± 3.0 | 6.6 ± 3.0 | 0.709 |
Male (%) | 48.0 | 46.7 | 0.921 |
Anthropometric parameters | |||
Height (cm) | 115.5 ± 21.0 | 121.3 ± 20.5 | 0.299 |
Weight (kg) | 21.0 ± 8.8 | 24.8 ± 9.5 | 0.132 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.1 ± 1.5 | 16.2 ± 1.9 | 0.019 |
BMI Z-score | −0.58 (−1.19–−0.27) | −0.19 (−0.58–0.55) | 0.011 |
Fat mass (%) | 19.0 ± 4.6 | 20.9 ± 5.6 | 0.299 |
Fat mass (kg) | 4.1 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.6 | 0.096 |
Biochemical measurements | |||
Nesfatin-1 (ng/mL) | 0.91 (0.44–1.93) | 0.65 (0.32–0.84) | 0.019 |
Spexin (ng/mL) | 0.20 (0.12–0.33) | 0.45 (0.35–0.61) | <0.001 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 2.76 (1.25–3.95) | 1.96 (0.98–3.98) | 0.722 |
sOB-R (ng/mL) | 43.2 ± 16.1 | 44.1 ± 15.7 | 0.753 |
Leptin/sOB-R | 0.06 (0.03–0.11) | 0.05 (0.02–0.09) | 0.483 |
Total adiponectin (µg/mL) | 11.5 ± 3.5 | 11.4 ± 4.4 | 0.574 |
Leptin/adiponectin | 0.21 (0.1–0.39) | 0.20 (0.08–0.38) | 0.844 |
HMW adiponectin (µg/mL) | 6.12 ± 2.27 | 7.04 ± 3.65 | 0.529 |
HMW adiponectin (%) | 52.4 ± 8.4 | 60.6 ± 19.7 | 0.148 |
Proinsulin (pmol/L) | 2.12 (1.04–3.47) | 1.43 (0.91–2.18) | 0.069 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.0 ± 6.2 | 84.0 ± 5.0 | 0.870 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 172.2 ± 30.0 | 150.9 ± 20.6 | 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.5 ± 13.3 | 54.2 ± 12.9 | 0.251 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 110.0 ± 24.7 | 88.5 ± 16.4 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 82.8 ± 26.5 | 65.1 ± 23.8 | 0.005 |
IGF-I (ng/mL) | 307.5 (192.4–343.0) | 143.5 (109.7–230.8) | <0.001 |
t-IGFBP-3 (µg/mL) | 4.19 ± 1.27 | 3.41 ± 1.05 | 0.016 |
f-IGFBP-3 (µg/mL) | 2.88 ± 1.35 | 2.22 ± 1.01 | 0.055 |
IGF-I/t-IGFBP-3 molar ratio | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | <0.001 |
f-IGFBP-3/t-IGFBP-3 molar ratio | 0.67 ± 0.20 | 0.64 ± 0.18 | 0.394 |
Parameter | Children with PWS n = 25 | Healthy Children n = 30 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/day) | 1034 ± 316 | 1422 ± 424 | 0.001 |
Protein (g/day) | 46.1 ± 17.9 | 44.7 ± 14.9 | 0.993 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 143.7 ± 45.3 | 199.1 ± 67.3 | 0.001 |
Fat (g/day) | 35.1 ± 14.2 | 53.4 ± 20.8 | 0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 128.6 (77.3–197.3) | 205.1 (151.0–258.8) | 0.006 |
Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 12.0 ± 5.7 | 19.7 ± 9.1 | 0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) | 15.3 ± 5.9 | 14.2 ± 5.3 | 0.659 |
Energy (% of EER) | 69.0 ± 14.0 | 88.6 ± 18.5 | <0.001 |
Proteins (% of energy intake) | 17.8 ± 4.0 | 13.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrates (% of energy intake) | 50.7 ± 6.9 | 53.2 ± 6.6 | 0.132 |
Fat (% of energy intake) | 29.8 ± 5.4 | 33.7 ± 5.6 | 0.018 |
Fiber (% of AI) | 106.3 ± 35.3 | 91.8 ± 31.8 | 0.274 |
Parameter | Children with BMI Z-Score < −0.5 | Children with BMI Z-Score ≥ −0.5 | PWS1 vs. PWS2 | Controls1 vs. Controls2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PWS1 (n = 13) | Controls1 (n = 10) | p | PWS 2 (n = 12) | Controls 2 (n = 20) | p | p | p | |
Age (years) | 5.5 ± 3.3 | 7.1 ± 2.8 | 0.162 | 7.1 ± 2.6 | 6.4 ± 3.2 | 0.624 | 0.164 | 0.657 |
Height (cm) | 110.9 ± 23.4 | 127.0 ± 21.0 | 0.091 | 120.4 ± 17.7 | 118.5 ± 20.1 | 1.000 | 0.264 | 0.502 |
Weight (kg) | 17.9 ± 7.8 | 24.4 ± 10.4 | 0.088 | 24.3 ± 9.0 | 24.9 ± 9.3 | 0.803 | 0.060 | 0.854 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 14.1 ± 0.6 | 14.5 ± 1.4 | 0.512 | 16.2 ± 1.4 | 17.1 ± 1.6 | 0.078 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
BMI Z-score | −1.15 (−1.51–−0.75) | −0.89 (−1.16–−0.56) | 0.119 | −0.27 (−0.41–0.17) | 0.28 (−0.2–0.74) | 0.035 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Fat mass (%) | 17.2 ± 4.5 | 19.3 ± 2.9 | 0.171 | 20.9 ± 3.9 | 21.7 ± 6.4 | 0.916 | 0.031 | 0.455 |
Fat mass (kg) | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 0.101 | 5.0 ± 2.3 | 5.6 ± 2.9 | 0.716 | 0.060 | 0.588 |
Biochemical measurements | ||||||||
Leptin/sOB-R | 0.03 (0.01–0.06) | 0.03 (0.02–0.07) | 0.636 | 0.1 (0.08–0.17) | 0.06 (0.03–0.1) | 0.037 | <0.001 | 0.072 |
sOB-R (ng/mL) | 51.1 ± 18.3 | 49.3 ± 14.7 | 0.879 | 34.7 ± 6.7 | 41.6 ± 15.9 | 0.307 | 0.016 | 0.172 |
Leptin/adiponectin | 0.11 (0.05–0.18) | 0.13 (0.06–0.27) | 0.343 | 0.35 (0.31–0.50) | 0.24 (0.10–0.38) | 0.060 | <0.001 | 0.267 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 159.2 ± 28.7 | 139.7 ± 17.8 | 0.029 | 186.3 ± 25.5 | 156.6 ± 20.0 | 0.001 | 0.054 | 0.036 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.5 ± 12.4 | 57.8 ± 12.3 | 0.455 | 61.8 ± 13.3 | 52.5 ± 13.1 | 0.054 | 0.181 | 0.165 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 101.9 ± 23.8 | 75.4 ± 15.8 | 0.008 | 118.7 ± 23.5 | 95.1 ± 12.6 | 0.003 | 0.126 | 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 77.2 ± 23.1 | 57.3 ± 14.4 | 0.024 | 89.0 ± 29.5 | 69.0 ± 26.8 | 0.054 | 0.327 | 0.379 |
IGF-I/t-IGFBP-3 molar ratio | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.008 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.002 | 0.799 | 0.838 |
Dietary intake | ||||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 981 ± 300 | 1480 ± 379 | 0.004 | 1090 ± 337 | 1393 ± 451 | 0.076 | 0.470 | 0.619 |
Energy (% of EER) | 72.5 ± 15.3 | 88.4 ± 22.4 | 0.085 | 65.3 ± 12.1 | 88.8 ± 17.0 | <0.001 | 0.398 | 0.787 |
Protein (% of energy intake) | 17.1 ± 4.1 | 13.7 ± 1.8 | 0.030 | 18.7 ± 4.0 | 12.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 0.283 | 0.093 |
Carbohydrates (% of energy intake) | 51.8 ± 5.2 | 51.5 ± 7.4 | 0.962 | 49.4 ± 8.5 | 54.0 ± 6.1 | 0.142 | 0.865 | 0.454 |
Fat (% of energy intake) | 28.9 ± 3.8 | 34.7 ± 6.2 | 0.049 | 31.0 ± 7.0 | 33.2 ± 5.4 | 0.333 | 0.691 | 0.481 |
Protein (g/day) | 42.4 ± 17.6 | 45.9 ± 13.6 | 0.563 | 50.1 ± 18.2 | 44.0 ± 15.9 | 0.477 | 0.247 | 0.846 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 139.8 ± 39.3 | 198.9 ± 76.5 | 0.067 | 148.0 ± 52.6 | 199.1 ± 64.4 | 0.009 | 0.810 | 1.000 |
Fat (g/day) | 32.0 ± 12.4 | 57.5 ± 18.9 | 0.001 | 38.6 ± 15.8 | 51.3 ± 21.8 | 0.182 | 0.295 | 0.530 |
Cholesterol | 94.4 (65.5–170.8) | 228.4 (169.1–251.4) | 0.015 | 147.2 (108.2–246.7) | 202.4 (142.9–279.4) | 0.207 | 0.077 | 0.892 |
Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 10.3 ± 4.7 | 20.4 ± 10.2 | 0.004 | 14.0 ± 6.1 | 19.2 ± 8.6 | 0.104 | 0.060 | 0.739 |
Fiber (g/day) | 15.0 ± 4.9 | 12.7 ± 6.7 | 0.376 | 15.6 ± 7.0 | 15.1 ± 4.2 | 0.836 | 0.769 | 0.259 |
Fiber (% of AI) | 111.3 ± 31.1 | 79.9 ± 43.7 | 0.049 | 100.9 ± 40.1 | 98.8 ± 20.7 | 0.556 | 0.650 | 0.040 |
Parameter | Nesfatin-1 | Spexin | Leptin | Adiponectin | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | p-Value | 95% CI | Coefficient | p-Value | 95% CI | Coefficient | p-Value | 95% CI | Coefficient | p-Value | 95% CI | |
BMI | 0.344 | 0.018 | 0.065–0.623 | −0.001 | 0.960 | −0.061–0.059 | 0.934 | 0.001 | 0.408–1.460 | −0.619 | 0.349 | −1.962–.723 |
BMI Z-score | 0.711 | 0.031 | 0.073–10.349 | 0.034 | 0.600 | −0.098–0.166 | 1.473 | 0.027 | 0.180–2.767 | −2.030 | 0.205 | −5.253–1.192 |
Fat mass (%) | 0.076 | 0.169 | −0.035–0.188 | 0.002 | 0.808 | −0.018–0.022 | 0.235 | 0.026 | 0.031–0.439 | −0.028 | 0.909 | −0.541–0.484 |
Nesfatin-1 | - | - | - | 0.011 | 0.793 | −0.075–0.097 | 1.345 | 0.042 | 0.050–2.640 | −0.679 | 0.666 | −3.902–2.543 |
Spexin | −0.830 | 0.624 | −4.297–2.637 | - | - | - | −0.762 | 0.823 | −7.731–6.208 | −3.391 | 0.613 | −17.116–10.334 |
Leptin | 0.244 | 0.042 | 0.010–0.478 | −0.005 | 0.805 | −0.048–0.038 | - | - | - | −0.296 | 0.657 | −1.662–1.069 |
Adiponectin | 0.045 | 0.583 | −0.121–0.211 | 0.001 | 0.954 | −0.024–0.025 | −0.030 | 0.864 | −0.392–0.332 | - | - | - |
Group | Parameter | Phase 2a (20–31 Months) | Phase 2b (3–5.25 Years) | Phase 3 (6–12 Years) | ptrend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children with PWS n = 25 | Nesfatin-1 (ng/mL) | 0.40 (0.29–1.57) N = 3 | 0.30 (0.25–0.87) N = 7 | 1.74 (0.83–2.70) N = 15 | 0.004 |
Children with PWS n = 30 | Spexin (ng/mL) | 0.08 (0.06–0.17) N = 3 | 0.15 (0.06–0.33) N = 7 | 0.23 (0.17–0.35) N = 15 | 0.041 |
Healthy children n = 30 | Nesfatin-1 (ng/mL) | 0.61 (0.34–0.83) N = 4 | 0.40 (0.27–0.45) N = 6 | 0.83 (0.32–0.90) N = 20 | 0.132 |
Healthy children n = 30 | Spexin (ng/mL) | 0.50 (0.31–0.77) N = 4 | 0.44 (0.34–0.57) N = 6 | 0.44 (0.34–0.76) N = 20 | 0.698 |
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Gajewska, J.; Szamotulska, K.; Klemarczyk, W.; Chełchowska, M.; Strucińska, M.; Ambroszkiewicz, J. Circulating Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Spexin in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome during Growth Hormone Treatment and Dietary Intervention. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051240
Gajewska J, Szamotulska K, Klemarczyk W, Chełchowska M, Strucińska M, Ambroszkiewicz J. Circulating Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Spexin in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome during Growth Hormone Treatment and Dietary Intervention. Nutrients. 2023; 15(5):1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051240
Chicago/Turabian StyleGajewska, Joanna, Katarzyna Szamotulska, Witold Klemarczyk, Magdalena Chełchowska, Małgorzata Strucińska, and Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz. 2023. "Circulating Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Spexin in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome during Growth Hormone Treatment and Dietary Intervention" Nutrients 15, no. 5: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051240