Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Nutritional Status and Infant Birth Weight in Relation to 0–2 Year-Growth Trajectory and Adiposity in Term Chinese Newborns with Appropriate Birth Weight-for-Gestational Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Maternal Prenatal Nutritional Factors
2.3. AGA Definition and Sex- and Gestational Age-Specific Birthweight Tertiles among AGA
2.4. Child Anthropometric Measures
2.5. Postnatal Covariates
2.6. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Longitudinal Data Analysis of Birthweight-for-Gestational Age Tertiles, Prenatal Factors and Adiposity Measures among AGA Infants at Age 0–2 Years
3.2. Prenatal Factors, Birthweight-for-Gestational Age Tertiles, and Body Composition among AGA Infants at 2 Years of Age
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Maternal Characteristics | Mean ± SD, or n (%) | Infant Characteristics | Mean ± SD, or n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal age at childbirth (years) | 29.4 ± 3.5 | Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.0 |
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 3.0 | Birthweight (g) | 3359.8 ± 281.5 |
Mother Education | Infant sex | ||
High school or lower | 85 (12.6) | Boy | 354 (52.5) |
College or above | 589 (87.4) | Girl | 320 (47.5) |
Mother passive smoke during pregnancy | Feeding Type (0–6 months) | ||
Yes | 196 (29.2) | Formula feeding | 73 (12.7) |
No | 475 (70.8) | Exclusive Breastfeeding | 204 (35.5) |
Maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) categories | Mixed breastfeeding | 297 (51.7) | |
<18.5 | 120 (17.8) | Children passive smoking | |
18.5–23.9 | 443 (65.8) | No | 317 (48.2) |
24–27.9 | 89 (13.2) | Yes | 341 (51.8) |
>28 | 21 (3.1) | Child anthropometric measures at 2 years (n = 451) | |
Gestational Weight Gain | Child age, months | 23.8 ± 0.5 | |
Adequate | 256 (38.4) | Length | 88.8 ± 3.0 |
Excessive | 308 (46.2) | Weight | 12.8 ± 1.5 |
Inadequate | 103 (15.4) | BMI (kg/m2) | 16.2 ± 1.4 |
GDM | Weight for length z-score (ZWFL) | 0.37 ± 0.96 | |
no | 588 (87.5) | BMI for age z-score | 0.37 ± 0.98 |
yes | 84 (12.5) | Length for age z-score | 0.58 ± 0.94 |
Mode of Delivery | Weight for age z-score | 0.60 ± 0.91 | |
Vaginal delivery | 185 (27.4) | Sum of skinfold thickness (mm) | 22.8 ± 5.1 |
C-Section | 489 (72.6) | Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) (cm) | 15.8 ± 1.2 |
0–6 Months | 7–25 Months | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal OWO | BWT-for-GA Tertile | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p |
Length (cm) | |||||
No | 1st (low) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
2nd (medium) | 0.63 (0.38, 0.88) | <0.00001 | 1.15 (0.71, 1.58) | <0.00001 | |
3rd (high) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.28) | <0.00001 | 1.18 (0.70, 1.66) | <0.00001 | |
Yes | 1st (low) | −0.02 (−0.47, 0.43) | 0.94 | −0.09 (−0.864, 0.693) | 0.83 |
2nd (medium) | 0.52 (0.04, 0.99) | 0.03 | 0.71 (−0.103, 1.527) | 0.09 | |
3rd (high) | 1.00 (0.62, 1.38) | <0.00001 | 1.04 (0.33, 1.74) | 0.004 | |
Weight (kg) | |||||
Maternal OWO | BWT-for-GA tertile | ||||
No | 1st (low) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
2nd (medium) | 0.26 (0.17, 0.35) | <0.00001 | 0.30 (0.11, 0.50) | 0.003 | |
3rd (high) | 0.48 (0.39, 0.58) | <0.00001 | 0.49 (0.28, 0.69) | <0.00001 | |
Yes | 1st (low) | 0.13 (−0.01, 0.28) | 0.07 | 0.11 (−0.22, 0.45) | 0.52 |
2nd (medium) | 0.40 (0.21, 0.58) | 0.00004 | 0.39 (−0.10, 0.88) | 0.12 | |
3rd (high) | 0.48 (0.32, 0.63) | <0.00001 | 0.87 (0.45, 1.29) | <0.0001 | |
Weight-for-length z-score (ZWFL) | |||||
Maternal OWO | BWT-for-GA tertile | ||||
No | 1st (low) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
2nd (medium) | 0.29 (0.16, 0.43) | <0.0001 | 0.05 (−0.11, 0.21) | 0.50 | |
3rd (high) | 0.56 (0.42, 0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.24 (0.08, 0.39) | 0.003 | |
Yes | 1st (low) | 0.21 (−0.02, 0.45) | 0.08 | 0.14 (−0.11, 0.40) | 0.27 |
2nd (medium) | 0.52 (0.30, 0.74) | <0.0001 | 0.21 (−0.13, 0.56) | 0.23 | |
3rd (high) | 0.55 (0.35, 0.75) | <0.0001 | 0.62 (0.31, 0.93) | <0.0001 |
Child Anthropometric Measures at Age 2 Years in AGA Children | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean ± SD | β (95% CI) | p | Mean ± SD | β (95% CI) | p | ||
Maternal OWO | BWT-for-GA tertile | Sum of skinfold thickness (mm) | Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) (cm) | |||||
No | 1st (low) | 133 | 22.8 ± 4.4 | Ref. | 15.7 ± 1.1 | Ref. | ||
2nd (medium) | 128 | 21.8 ± 4.6 | −1.1 (−2.2, 0.1) | 0.08 | 15.7 ± 1.1 | −0.01 (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.95 | |
3rd (high) | 116 | 22.2 ± 4.3 | −0.6 (−1.8, 0.6) | 0.37 | 15.8 ± 1.1 | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.34 | |
Yes | 1st (low) | 19 | 24.0 ± 3.7 | 1.5 (−0.9, 3.8) | 0.22 | 15.8 ± 1 | 0.1 (−0.5, 0.6) | 0.75 |
2nd (medium) | 16 | 25.9 ± 6.7 | 3.1 (0.6, 5.6) | 0.01 | 16.4 ± 1.4 | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | 0.02 | |
3rd (high) | 34 | 26.7 ± 8.4 | 4.1 (2.2, 5.9) | <0.0001 | 17.0 ± 2.0 | 1.3 (0.8, 1.7) | <0.0001 | |
Weight (kg) | Weight-for-length z-score (ZWFL) | |||||||
Maternal OWO | BWT-for-GA tertile | |||||||
No | 1st (low) | 133 | 12.3 ± 1.3 | Ref. | 0.19 ± 0.84 | Ref. | ||
2nd (medium) | 130 | 12.7 ± 1.3 | 0.4 (0.06, 0.7) | 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.97 | 0.03 (−0.20, 0.25) | 0.82 | |
3rd (high) | 118 | 13.0 ± 1.3 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | <0.0001 | 0.46 ± 0.82 | 0.27 (0.04, 0.50) | 0.02 | |
Yes | 1st (low) | 19 | 12.6 ± 1.3 | 0.3 (−0.4, 1.0) | 0.36 | 0.43 ± 0.76 | 0.25 (−0.20, 0.70) | 0.28 |
2nd (medium) | 16 | 13.3 ± 1.9 | 1.1 (0.4, 1.8) | 0.003 | 0.84 ± 0.97 | 0.65 (0.17, 1.14) | 0.01 | |
3rd (high) | 34 | 13.9 ± 2.3 | 1.5 (1.0, 2.0) | <0.0001 | 1.09 ± 1.42 | 0.89 (0.54, 1.24) | <0.0001 |
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Ouyang, F.; Wang, X.; Wells, J.C.; Wang, X.; Shen, L.; Zhang, J. Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Nutritional Status and Infant Birth Weight in Relation to 0–2 Year-Growth Trajectory and Adiposity in Term Chinese Newborns with Appropriate Birth Weight-for-Gestational Age. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051125
Ouyang F, Wang X, Wells JC, Wang X, Shen L, Zhang J. Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Nutritional Status and Infant Birth Weight in Relation to 0–2 Year-Growth Trajectory and Adiposity in Term Chinese Newborns with Appropriate Birth Weight-for-Gestational Age. Nutrients. 2023; 15(5):1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051125
Chicago/Turabian StyleOuyang, Fengxiu, Xiaobin Wang, Jonathan C. Wells, Xia Wang, Lixiao Shen, and Jun Zhang. 2023. "Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Nutritional Status and Infant Birth Weight in Relation to 0–2 Year-Growth Trajectory and Adiposity in Term Chinese Newborns with Appropriate Birth Weight-for-Gestational Age" Nutrients 15, no. 5: 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051125