Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes, Determinants and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Metabolism of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
1.2. Biological Functions and Adequate Intakes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Dietary Survey and Data Collection
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFA Dietary Intakes
3.2. Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFA Dietary Sources
3.3. Combined Dietary Intake Adequacy of Omega-3 PUFA, Folic Acid (FA), Vitamin B12 and Choline
4. Discussion
4.1. Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFA Dietary Intakes
4.2. Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFA Dietary Sources
4.3. Combined Dietary Intake Adequacy of Omega-3 PUFA, Folic Acid (FA), Vitamin B12 and Choline
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | Omega-3 Fatty Acids (ω3) (g/Day) | Alfa-Linolenic Acid (ALA) (C18: 3n-3) (g/Day) | Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) (C20: 5n-3) (g/Day) | Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (C22: 6n-3) (g/Day) | EPA + DHA (g/Day) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population (9–75 years) | Total | 2009 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
(0.56–1.19) | (0.45–0.85) | (0.01–0.12) | (0.01–0.20) | (0.02–0.34) | ||||
Men | 1013 | 0.86 *** | 0.65 *** | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 | ||
(0.60–1.26) | (0.50–0.89) | (0.01–0.12) | (0.01–0.22) | (0.02–0.36) | ||||
Women | 996 | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | ||
(0.52–1.11) | (0.42–0.79) | (0.01–0.11) | (0.01–0.19) | (0.03–0.33) | ||||
Age | 9–12 years | Total | 213 | 0.77 | 0.61 | 0.03 a,b | 0.05 a,b | 0.09 a,b,c |
(0.57–1.02) | (0.48–0.79) | (0.01–0.10) | (0.01–0.17) | (0.02–0.26) | ||||
Men | 126 | 0.81 | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.10 | ||
(0.61–1.02) | (0.49–0.82) | (0.01–0.09) | (0.01–0.19) | (0.02–0.29) | ||||
Women | 87 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.09 | ||
(0.55–1.02) | (0.46–0.78) | (0.01–0.10) | (0.01–0.13) | (0.02–0.22) | ||||
13–17 years | Total | 211 | 0.80 | 0.63 | 0.02 b | 0.04 a | 0.06 b | |
(0.55–1.10) | (0.50–0.90) | (0.01–0.07) | (0.01–0.12) | (0.01–0.21) | ||||
Men | 137 | 0.85 ** | 0.67 *** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | ||
(0.59–1.14) | (0.54–0.98) | (0.01–0.08) | (0.01–0.13) | (0.01–0.21) | ||||
Women | 74 | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||
(0.49–1.04) | (0.45–0.75) | (0.01–0.07) | (0.00–0.09) | (0.02–0.19) | ||||
18–64 years | Total | 1655 | 0.82 | 0.62 | 0.03 b | 0.06 b | 0.09 a,c | |
(0.56–1.20) | (0.46–0.86) | (0.01–0.12) | (0.01–0.20) | (0.02–0.34) | ||||
Men | 798 | 0.87 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 | ||
(0.60–1.27) | (0.50–0.90) | (0.01–0.12) | (0.01–0.21) | (0.02–0.36) | ||||
Women | 857 | 0.76 | 0.58 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.09 | ||
(0.53–1.12) | (0.42–0.79) | (0.01–0.11) | (0.01–0.20) | (0.02–0.33) | ||||
65–75 years | Total | 206 | 0.81 | 0.58 | 0.05 a | 0.09 c | 0.15 d | |
(0.55–1.25) | (0.41–0.82) | (0.01–0.15) | (0.03–0.25) | (0.05–0.39) | ||||
Men | 99 | 0.95 ** | 0.61 * | 0.06 ** | 0.13 * | 0.18 | ||
(0.62–1.55) | (0.45–0.84) | (0.01–0.19) | (0.03–0.30) | (0.05–0.48) | ||||
Women | 107 | 0.79 | 0.50 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.13 | ||
(0.51–1.08) | (0.38–0.79) | (0.01–0.09) | (0.03–0.17) | (0.04–0.26) |
n | Omega-3 Fatty Acids (ω3) (g/Day) | Alfa-Linolenic Acid (ALA) (C18: 3n-3) (g/Day) | Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) (C20: 5n-3) (g/Day) | Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (C22: 6n-3) (g/Day) | EPA + DHA (g/Day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total women of childbearing age | 552 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
(0.51–1.04) | (0.42–0.77) | (0.01–0.10) | (0.01–0.18) | (0.02–0.28) | ||
Younger women (18–30 years) | 209 | 0.69 * | 0.56 | 0.01 *** | 0.03 ** | 0.05 ** |
(0.49–0.95) | (0.42–0.77) | (0.00–0.07) | (0.01–0.14) | (0.02–0.22) | ||
Older women (31–45 years) | 343 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
(0.53–1.09) | (0.41–0.79) | (0.01–0.12) | (0.01–0.20) | (0.03–0.33) |
n | Omega-6 Fatty Acids (ω6) (g/Day) | Linoleic Acid (la) (c18: 2n-6) (g/Day) | Arachidonic Acid (aa) (c20: 4n-6) (g/Day) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population (9–75 years) | Total | 2009 | 10.07 | 10.00 | 0.08 | |
(7.00–14.01) | (6.93–13.90) | (0.05–0.13) | ||||
Men | 1013 | 10.78 *** | 10.69 *** | 0.09 *** | ||
(7.65–14.86) | (7.53–14.75) | (0.06–0.14) | ||||
Women | 996 | 9.16 | 9.07 | 0.07 | ||
(6.41–12.78) | (6.34–12.73) | (0.04–0.11) | ||||
Age | 9–12 years | Total | 213 | 11.58 a | 11.51 a | 0.09 a |
(8.63–14.52) | (8.52–14.42) | (0.06–0.13) | ||||
Men | 126 | 11.64 | 11.53 | 0.09 | ||
(8.92–14.49) | (8.82–14.36) | (0.06–0.14) | ||||
Women | 87 | 11.44 | 11.27 | 0.09 | ||
(8.12–14.84) | (8.02–14.76) | (0.06–0.13) | ||||
13–17 years | Total | 211 | 11.33 b | 11.16 a | 0.09 a | |
(8.07–16.13) | (7.95–16.00) | (0.06–0.13) | ||||
Men | 137 | 12.75 * | 12.60 * | 0.10 ** | ||
(9.21–16.21) | (9.06–16.04) | (0.07–0.14) | ||||
Women | 74 | 10.23 | 10.21 | 0.07 | ||
(7.32–15.77) | (7.21–15.70) | (0.05–0.12) | ||||
18–64 years | Total | 1655 | 10.18 c | 10.10 b | 0.08 b | |
(7.16–14.12) | (7.06–14.04) | (0.05–0.13) | ||||
Men | 798 | 10.88 | 10.75 *** | 0.09 *** | ||
(7.72–15.02) *** | (7.67–14.88) | (0.06–0.14) | ||||
Women | 857 | 9.35 | 9.25 | 0.07 | ||
(6.62–12.94) | (6.53–12.83) | (0.04–0.11) | ||||
65–75 years | Total | 206 | 7.91 d | 7.79 c | 0.07 b | |
(5.22–11.25) | (5.13–11.19) | (0.04–0.11) | ||||
Men | 99 | 8.24 | 8.15 | 0.09 *** | ||
(5.87–11.98) | (5.68–11.92) | (0.06–0.14) | ||||
Women | 107 | 7.73 | 7.66 | 0.06 | ||
(4.69–11.13) | (4.60–10.95) | (0.04–0.09) |
n | Omega-6 Fatty Acids (ω6) (g/Day) | Linoleic Acid (LA) (C18: 2n-6) (g/Day) | Arachidonic Acid (AA) (C20: 4n-6) (g/Day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total women of childbearing age | 552 | 9.88 | 9.74 | 0.07 |
(6.85–13.65) | (6.80–13.53) | (0.04–0.11) | ||
Younger women (18–30 years) | 209 | 9.93 | 9.76 | 0.07 |
(7.26–13.42) | (7.20–13.42) | (0.04–0.11) | ||
Older women (31–45 years) | 343 | 9.84 | 9.70 | 0.08 |
(6.73–13.79) | (6.70–13.68) | (0.05–0.12) |
n | Omega-6/Omega-3 | EPA/DHA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Population (9–75 years) | Total | 2009 | 12.13 | 0.57 | |
(8.69–16.32) | (0.32–0.94) | ||||
Men | 1013 | 12.40 * | 0.58 | ||
(8.89–16.67) | (0.32–0.95) | ||||
Women | 996 | 11.83 | 0.57 | ||
(8.57–15.89) | (0.31–0.93) | ||||
Age | 9–12 years | Total | 213 | 14.30 a | 0.61 |
(10.94–18.86) | (0.35–1.08) | ||||
Men | 126 | 13.89 | 0.61 | ||
(11.26–18.84) | (0.31–1.10) | ||||
Women | 87 | 14.99 | 0.61 | ||
(10.76–18.90) | (0.38–1.06) | ||||
13–17 years | Total | 211 | 14.24 a | 0.62 | |
(10.76–19.11) | (0.41–1.13) | ||||
Men | 137 | 14.06 | 0.62 | ||
(10.64–18.52) | (0.44–1.06) | ||||
Women | 74 | 14.74 | 0.52 | ||
(10.89–21.50) | (0.32–1.49) | ||||
18–64 years | Total | 1655 | 12.22 b | 0.56 | |
(8.87–16.37) | (0.30–0.96) | ||||
Men | 798 | 12.59 * | 0.56 | ||
(8.92–16.90) | (0.28–0.96) | ||||
Women | 857 | 11.94 | 0.56 | ||
(8.79–15.83) | (0.30–0.95) | ||||
65–75 years | Total | 206 | 9.36 c | 0.59 | |
(6.50–12.63) | (0.34–0.88) | ||||
Men | 99 | 9.18 | 0.60 | ||
(5.94–12.22) | (0.38–0.84) | ||||
Women | 107 | 9.58 | 0.54 | ||
(7.31–13.12) | (0.23–0.89) |
n | Omega-6/Omega-3 | EPA/DHA | |
---|---|---|---|
Total women of childbearing age | 552 | 12.78 | 0.56 |
(9.61–17.52) | (0.29–1.04) | ||
Younger women (18–30 years) | 209 | 13.86 *** | 0.50 |
(10.60–18.13) | (0.23–0.97) | ||
Older women (31–45 years) | 343 | 11.94 | 0.59 |
(8.67–16.08) | (0.34–1.08) |
Total Population (9–75 Years) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (ω3) (g/Day) | Omega-6 Fatty Acids (ω6) (g/Day) | Omega-6/Omega-3 | EPA/DHA | ||
BMI | Underweight n = 42 | 0.74 | 10.40 a | 13.88 a | 0.62 |
(0.56–0.93) | (8.05–14.97) | (11.70–17.26) | (0.47–1.46) | ||
Normal n = 854 | 0.84 | 10.68 a,b | 12.20 a,b | 0.58 | |
(0.58–1.19) | (7.39–14.58) | (8.94–16.66) | (0.32–0.94) | ||
Overweight n = 713 | 0.80 | 9.86 a,b | 12.12 a,b | 0.59 | |
(0.56–1.21 | (6.85–13.88) | (8.56–16.09) | (0.32–1.00) | ||
Obesity n = 400 | 0.77 | 9.15 b | 11.85 b | 0.51 | |
(0.53–1.21) | (6.67–12.86) | (8.42–15.83) | (0.29–0.83) |
Total Population (9–75 Years) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (ω3) (g/Day) | Omega-6 Fatty Acids (ω6) (g/Day) | Omega-6/Omega-3 | EPA/DHA | |
Barcelona (Metropolitan Area) n = 129 | 0.82 | 9.64 | 10.96 | 0.59 |
(0.56–1.45) | (7.47–12.96) | (7.87–15.79) | (0.42–0.89) | |
Canary Islands n = 93 | 0.71 | 8.77 | 11.80 | 0.46 |
(0.53–1.15) | (6.77–11.60) | (8.36–15.85) | (0.23–1.55) | |
Central n = 191 | 0.81 | 10.05 | 12.44 | 0.59 |
(0.59–1.16) | (6.73–13.99) | (8.76–17.55) | (0.37–0.84) | |
Levante (East) n = 335 | 0.87 | 10.71 | 11.78 | 0.55 |
(0.55–1.33) | (6.87–14.79) | (8.52–15.88) | (0.32–0.74) | |
Madrid (Metropolitan Area) n = 264 | 0.77 | 9.51 | 11.86 | 0.62 |
(0.54–1.13) | (6.59–13.30) | (8.59–15.74) | (0.38–0.88) | |
Northeast n = 240 | 0.74 | 10.57 | 12.98 | 0.59 |
(0.56–1.10) | (7.65–13.93) | (9.95–17.51) | (0.33–0.87) | |
Northwest n = 152 | 0.81 | 9.66 | 11.62 | 0.58 |
(0.55–1.32) | (6.54–14.29) | (8.16–15.88) | (0.27–1.44) | |
North Central n = 162 | 0.90 | 11.00 | 12.08 | 0.59 |
(0.60–1.24) | (7.29–15.18) | (8.67–15.88) | (0.31–1.27) | |
South n = 443 | 0.82 | 9.93 | 12.73 | 0.50 |
(0.56–1.14) | (7.14–14.22) | (8.94–16.54) | (0.24–1.01) |
Nutritional Goals 1 | Non-Compliance with Nutritional Goals | Total | Men | Women | 9–12 Years | 13–17 Years | 18–64 Years | 65–75 Years | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2009 | n = 1013 | n = 996 | n = 213 | n = 211 | n = 1655 | n = 206 | |||
Omega-3 PUFA: | |||||||||
Total Omega-3 PUFA (%) | 0.5–2% TE | <0.5% TE | 65.1 | 65.6 | 64.5 | 78.9 a | 78.2 a | 64.5 b | 54.9 c |
>2% TE | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
Alfa-Linolenic acid (ALA) (%) | >0.5% TE | <0.5% TE | 87.0 | 87.8 | 86.2 | 95.3 a | 90.0 a | 87.0 b | 81.6 c |
EPA + DHA (%) | 0.25–2 g/day | <0.25 g/day | 83.3 | 82.3 | 84.3 | 88.3 a,c | 90.5 b | 83.1 c | 83.0 c |
>2 g/day | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.0 | ||
Omega-6 PUFA: | |||||||||
Linoleic acid (LA) (%) | 2.5–9% TE | <2.5% TE | 4.5 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 2.3 a | 2.4 a | 4.0 a | 10.2 b |
>9% TE | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.3 |
Nutritional Goals 1 | Non-Compliance with Nutritional Goals | Total Women of Childbearing Age (18–45 Years) | Younger Women (18–30 Years) | Older Women (31–45 Years) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 552 | n = 209 | n = 343 | |||
Omega-3 PUFA: | |||||
Total Omega-3 PUFA (%) | 0.5–2% TE | <0.5% TE | 69.6 | 75.1 * | 66.2 |
>2% TE | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | ||
Alfa-Linolenic acid (ALA) (%) | >0.5% TE | <0.5% TE | 88.9 | 90.9 | 88.7 |
EPA + DHA (%) | 0.25–2 g/day | <0.25 g/day | 83.5 | 90.0 | 84.5 |
>2 g/day | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.9 | ||
Omega-6 PUFA: | |||||
Linoleic acid (LA) (%) | 2.5–9% TE | <2.5% TE | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.1 |
>9% TE | 6.5 | 7.7 | 5.8 |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Lipids | SFA | MUFA | PUFA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oils and fats | 22.7 | 3.9 | 13.3 | 3.7 |
(16.7–29.6) | (2.8–5.6) | (9.6–17.6) | (3.2–6.2) | |
Meat and meat products | 16.5 | 5.8 | 7.1 | 2.1 |
(9.8–25.4) | (3.3–9.0) | (4.1–10.9) | (1.3–3.3) | |
Cereals and derivatives | 6.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.2 |
(3.0–11.2) | (0.7–3.8) | (0.8–3.3) | (0.7–2.3) | |
Fish and shellfish | 1.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
(0.1–4.7) | (0.0–0.9) | (0.0–1.4) | (0.0–2.2) | |
Eggs | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
(0.4–4.2) | (0.1–1.2) | (0.1–1.5) | (0.1–0.6) | |
Milk and dairy products | 9.1 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 0.2 |
(5.5–13.5) | (3.2–7.9) | (1.4–3.5) | (0.1–0.4) | |
Vegetables | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
(0.1–0.5) | (0.0–0.1) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.1–0.2) | |
Ready-to-eat meals | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
(0.0–5.7) | (0.0–1.9) | (0.0–2.2) | (0.0–0.9) | |
Sauces and condiments | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
(0.0–3.7) | (0.0–0.5) | (0.0–2.1) | (0.3–0.8) | |
Fruits | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(0.0–0.7) | (0.0–0.1) | (0.0–0.2) | (0.0–0.2) | |
Legumes | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(0.0–0.4) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.2) | |
Appetizers | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(0.0–0.9) | (0.0–0.1) | (0.0–0.6) | (0.0–0.1) | |
Sugars and sweets | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
(0.0–1.4) | (0.0–0.7) | (0.0–0.4) | (0.0–0.1) | |
Supplements and meal replacement | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | |
Non-alcoholic beverages | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(0.0–0.1) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | |
Alcoholic beverages | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | (0.0–0.0) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Omega-3 Fatty Acids (ω3) | Alfa-linolenic Acid (ALA) (C18: 3n-3) | Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) (C20: 5n-3) | Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (C22: 6n-3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oils and fats | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.06–0.14) | (0.06–0.14) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Meat and meat products | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.08–0.23) | (0.08–0.23) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Cereals and derivatives | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.07–0.17) | (0.07–0.17) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Fish and shellfish | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
(0.01–0.41) | (0.00–0.12) | (0.00–0.10) | (0.00–0.20) | |
Eggs | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.06) | (0.00–0.06) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.02–0.07) | (0.02–0.06) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Vegetables | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.03) | (0.00–0.03) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Ready-to-eat meals | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.03) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Sauces and condiments | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Fruits | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Legumes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Appetizers | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Sugars and sweets | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Supplements and meal replacement | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Non-alcoholic beverages | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Alcoholic beverages | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meat and meat products | 0.16 a | 0.18 a | 0.15 b | 0.12 c |
(0.11–0.24) | (0.12–0.26) | (0.08–0.23) | (0.06–0.19) | |
Fish and shellfish | 0.11 a | 0.11 a | 0.15 b | 0.17 b |
(0.00–0.31) | (0.00–0.33) | (0.01–0.41) | (0.03–0.42) | |
Oils and fats | 0.09 a | 0.08 a | 0.09 a | 0.11 b |
(0.06–0.13) | (0.05–0.12) | (0.06–0.14) | (0.07–0.16) | |
Cereals and derivatives | 0.07 a | 0.09 a | 0.06 b | 0.05 b |
(0.07–0.16) | (0.04–0.20) | (0.03–0.18) | (0.02–0.14) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.06 a | 0.05 a | 0.04 b | 0.03 c |
(0.03–0.08) | (0.02–0.07) | (0.01–0.06) | (0.01–0.05) | |
Eggs | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
(0.00–0.06) | (0.00–0.05) | (0.00–0.05) | (0.01–0.06) | |
Vegetables | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.02 b |
(0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.03) | (0.00–0.04) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meat and meat products | 0.15 a,b | 0.18 b | 0.14 a | 0.11 c |
(0.11–0.23) | (0.12–0.25) | (0.08–0.23) | (0.06–0.19) | |
Oils and fats | 0.09 a | 0.08 a | 0.09 a | 0.11 b |
(0.06–0.13) | (0.05–0.13) | (0.06–0.14) | (0.07–0.15) | |
Cereals and derivatives | 0.08 a,b | 0.10 b | 0.07 a | 0.05 c |
(0.05–0.16) | (0.04– 0.20) | (0.03–0.18) | (0.02–0.13) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.05 a | 0.05 a | 0.04 b | 0.03 c |
(0.03–0.08) | (0.02–0.07) | (0.02–0.06) | (0.01–0.05) | |
Fish and shellfish | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
(0.00–0.09) | (0.00–0.10) | (0.00–0.12) | (0.00–0.10) | |
Eggs | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
(0.00–0.06) | (0.00–0.05) | (0.00–0.06) | (0.01–0.06) | |
Vegetables | 0.01 a | 0.01 a | 0.01 b | 0.02 b |
(0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.03) | (0.00–0.03) | (0.00–0.04) | |
Ready-to-eat meals | 0.00 a,b | 0.01 a | 0.00 b | 0.00 b |
(0.00–0.03) | (0.00–0.04) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.02) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fish and shellfish | 0.011 a | 0.002 a | 0.023 b | 0.033 b |
(0.000–0.070) | (0.000–0.080) | (0.000–0.106) | (0.000–0.112) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.002 a | 0.002 a,b | 0.001 b | 0.001 b |
(0.001–0.003) | (0.001–0.003) | (0.001–0.002) | (0.000–0.002) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fish and shellfish | 0.04 a | 0.03 a | 0.05 a,b | 0.07 b |
(0.00–0.15) | (0.00–0.06) | (0.000–0.20) | (0.02–0.22) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Omega-6 Fatty Acids (ω6) | Linoleic Acid (LA) (C18: 2n-6) | Arachidonic Acid (AA) (C20: 4n-6) |
---|---|---|---|
Oils and fats | 3.32 | 3.32 | 0.00 |
(1.87–5.83) | (1.87–5.82) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Meat and meat products | 1.63 | 1.58 | 0.05 |
(0.92–2.60) | (0.89–2.51) | (0.02–0.09) | |
Cereals and derivatives | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.00 |
(0.62–2.03) | (0.61–2.01) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Fish and shellfish | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
(0.00–1.43) | (0.00–1.41) | (0.00–0.02) | |
Eggs | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.00 |
(0.05–0.54) | (0.05–0.54) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
(0.10–0.28) | (0.10–0.26) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Vegetables | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.07) | (0.01–0.07) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Ready-to-eat meals | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.77) | (0.00–0.77) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Sauces and condiments | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.76) | (0.00–0.76) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Fruits | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.01) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Legumes | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Appetizers | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.08) | (0.00–0.08) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Sugars and sweets | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.07) | (0.00–0.06) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Supplements and meal replacement | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Non-alcoholic beverages | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | |
Alcoholic beverages | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
(0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) | (0.00–0.00) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oils and fats | 4.02 a | 3.45 a,b | 3.39 a,b | 2.92 b |
(2.16–6.39) | (1.86–5.87) | (1.89–5.83) | (1.68–4.92) | |
Meat and meat products | 1.77 a | 2.01 b | 1.63 a | 1.29 c |
(1.22–2.64) | (1.44–2.87) | (0.92–2.65) | (0.71–2.16) | |
Cereals and derivates | 1.23 a | 1.37 a | 0.99 b | 0.77 b |
(0.83–2.50) | (0.76–2.99) | (0.62–2.02) | (0.51–1.69) | |
Ready-to-eat meals | 0.20 a | 0.17 a | 0.08 b | 0.06 b |
(0.00–1.03) | (0.00–0.26) | (0.00–0.73) | (0.00–0.39) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.24 a | 0.21 a | 0.18 b | 0.16 b |
(0.16–0.36) | (0.12–0.33) | (0.10–0.28) | (0.08–0.24) | |
Sauces and condiments | 0.37 a | 0.42 a | 0.37 a | 0.00 b |
(0.00–0.77) | (0.00–0.76) | (0.00–0.66) | (0.00–0.49) | |
Eggs | 0.30 a | 0.27 a,b | 0.28 b | 0.32 b |
(0.06–0.56) | (0.04–0.51) | (0.04–0.54) | (0.10–0.56) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oils and fats | 4.01 a | 3.45 a,b | 3.39 a,b | 2.91 b |
(2.16–6.39) | (1.86–5.87) | (1.89–5.83) | (1.68–4.91) | |
Meat and meat products | 1.74 a,b | 1.97 a | 1.59 b | 1.23 c |
(1.18–2.56) | (1.38–2.78) | (0.89–2.56) | (0.69–2.06) | |
Cereals and derivates | 1.23 a | 1.37 a | 0.99 b | 0.77 c |
(0.83–2.50) | (0.76–2.99) | (0.62–2.02) | (0.51–1.69) | |
Ready-to-eat meals | 0.20 a | 0.16 a | 0.08 b | 0.06 b |
(0.00–1.03) | (0.00–1.26) | (0.00–0.73) | (0.00–0.39) | |
Sauces and condiments | 0.37 a | 0.42 a | 0.37 a | 0.00 b |
(0.00–0.77) | (0.00–0.76) | (0.00–0.76) | (0.00–0.49) | |
Eggs | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.32 |
(0.06–0.58) | (0.04–0.54) | (0.04–0.54) | (0.10–0.56) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.23 a | 0.20 a | 0.17 b | 0.15 b |
(0.15–0.34) | (0.12–0.31) | (0.10–0.26) | (0.08–0.23) |
Food Sources (g/Day) | Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meat and meat products | 0.053 a,b | 0.067 a | 0.050 b | 0.044 c |
(0.034–0.082) | (0.034–0.093) | (0.024–0.087) | (0.016–0.077) | |
Milk and dairy products | 0.006 a | 0.005 a,b | 0.004 b | 0.004 b |
(0.003–0.009) | (0.003–0.009) | (0.002–0.007) | (0.002–0.007) | |
Fish and shellfish | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
(0.000–0.019) | (0.000– 0.014) | (0.000–0.015) | (0.000–0.025) |
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Redruello-Requejo, M.; Samaniego-Vaesken, M.d.L.; Puga, A.M.; Montero-Bravo, A.; Ruperto, M.; Rodríguez-Alonso, P.; Partearroyo, T.; Varela-Moreiras, G. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes, Determinants and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030562
Redruello-Requejo M, Samaniego-Vaesken MdL, Puga AM, Montero-Bravo A, Ruperto M, Rodríguez-Alonso P, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes, Determinants and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(3):562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030562
Chicago/Turabian StyleRedruello-Requejo, Marina, María de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken, Ana M. Puga, Ana Montero-Bravo, Mar Ruperto, Paula Rodríguez-Alonso, Teresa Partearroyo, and Gregorio Varela-Moreiras. 2023. "Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes, Determinants and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study" Nutrients 15, no. 3: 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030562
APA StyleRedruello-Requejo, M., Samaniego-Vaesken, M. d. L., Puga, A. M., Montero-Bravo, A., Ruperto, M., Rodríguez-Alonso, P., Partearroyo, T., & Varela-Moreiras, G. (2023). Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes, Determinants and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients, 15(3), 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030562