Vitamin D Supply of Multivitamins Commercialized Online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe: A Labeling Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Spain | Germany | Italy | France | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
amazon.es® | amazon.de® | amazon.it® | amazon.fr® | ||
n | 199 | 77 | 73 | 33 | 16 |
Vitamin D supply | |||||
IU daily | 250 (200–440) | 200 (190–440) | 336 (200–800) | 600 # (200–1000) | 250 (200–500) |
<400 IU daily, n | 108 | 49 | 37 | 13 | 9 |
400–800 IU daily, n | 53 | 19 | 20 | 8 | 6 |
>800 UI daily, n | 38 | 9 | 16 | 12 | 1 |
Number of vitamins * | |||||
n | 11 (10–12) | 11 (10–12) | 11 (10–12) | 11 (10–12) | 11 (10–12) |
≤5 vitamins, n | 20 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
6–10 vitamin, n | 41 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 2 |
11–13 vitamins, n | 138 | 53 | 56 | 17 | 12 |
All | Spain | Germany | Italy | France | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
amazon.es® | amazon.de® | amazon.it® | amazon.fr® | ||
Products, n | 199 | 77 | 73 | 33 | 16 |
Vitamin C | 193 | 74 | 71 | 32 | 16 |
Vitamin E | 183 | 70 | 69 | 29 | 15 |
Vitamin B1 | 181 | 67 | 71 | 29 | 14 |
Vitamin B6 | 181 | 68 | 69 | 29 | 15 |
Vitamin B12 | 180 | 68 | 70 | 27 | 15 |
Vitamin B2 | 177 | 67 | 68 | 29 | 13 |
Vitamin B9 | 173 | 66 | 65 | 27 | 15 |
Vitamin A | 167 | 59 | 65 | 28 | 15 |
Vitamin B3 | 167 | 65 | 66 | 23 | 13 |
Vitamin B5 | 165 | 65 | 62 | 24 | 14 |
Vitamin B8 | 156 | 63 | 58 | 23 | 12 |
Vitamin K | 90 | 26 | 39 | 19 | 6 |
Vitamin B7 | 13 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
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Ponti, L.; Gabutti, L.; Faré, P.B.; Janett, S.; Bianchetti, M.G.; Schulz, P.J.; Lava, S.A.G.; Agostoni, C.; Milani, G.P. Vitamin D Supply of Multivitamins Commercialized Online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe: A Labeling Analysis. Nutrients 2023, 15, 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020326
Ponti L, Gabutti L, Faré PB, Janett S, Bianchetti MG, Schulz PJ, Lava SAG, Agostoni C, Milani GP. Vitamin D Supply of Multivitamins Commercialized Online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe: A Labeling Analysis. Nutrients. 2023; 15(2):326. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020326
Chicago/Turabian StylePonti, Lisa, Luca Gabutti, Pietro B. Faré, Simone Janett, Mario G. Bianchetti, Peter J. Schulz, Sebastiano A. G. Lava, Carlo Agostoni, and Gregorio P. Milani. 2023. "Vitamin D Supply of Multivitamins Commercialized Online by Amazon in Western and Southern Europe: A Labeling Analysis" Nutrients 15, no. 2: 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020326