Intakes of Added Sugars, with a Focus on Beverages and the Associations with Nutrient Adequacy in US Adults (NHANES 2003–2018)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Added Sugars Intake
2.3. Added Sugars Intake and Nutrient Adequacy
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Consumption of Beverage Sources of Added Sugars and Added Sugars Intake and Patterns over Time
3.3. Associations between Added Sugars Intake and Nutrient Adequacy by Beverage Source
3.4. Associations between Added Sugars from the Rest of the Diet and Nutrient Adequacy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Added Sugars Source | Description |
---|---|
Sweetened Beverages | soft drinks; fruit drinks; sports and energy drinks; nutritional beverages; smoothies and grain drinks |
Soft Drinks | |
Fruit Drinks | |
Sports and Energy Drinks | |
Coffee and Tea | coffee; tea (pre-sweetened and plain) |
Flavored Milk | flavored milk: whole; reduced fat; low-fat; nonfat |
Rest of the Diet * | milk and dairy (flavored milk excluded); protein foods; mixed dishes; grains; snacks and sweets; fruit; vegetables; beverages (sweetened beverages and coffee and tea excluded); alcoholic beverages; water, fats and oils; condiments and sauces; sugars; baby foods and formulas; other |
Added Sugars Source | Consumers (%) Mean ± SE | ||
---|---|---|---|
19–50 y (n = 18,110) | 51–70 y (n = 11,379) | 71+ y (n = 5639) | |
Sweetened Beverages | 63.68 ± 0.73 | 46.06 ± 0.92 | 39.49 ± 0.87 |
Soft Drinks | 48.83 ± 0.78 | 31.86 ± 0.90 | 21.98 ± 0.78 |
Fruit Drinks | 23.16 ± 0.61 | 16.64 ± 0.55 | 16.55 ± 0.67 |
Sports and Energy Drinks | 9.33 ± 0.41 | 3.47 ± 0.27 | 1.95 ± 0.26 |
Coffee and Tea | 21.43 ± 0.60 | 16.74 ± 0.76 | 13.32 ± 0.80 |
Flavored Milk | 4.85 ± 0.24 | 3.35 ± 0.26 | 4.35 ± 0.36 |
Rest of the Diet | 99.48 ± 0.08 | 99.81 ± 0.05 | 99.85 ± 0.06 |
Added Sugars (% kcal) Mean ± SE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
19–50 y (n = 18,110) | 51–70 y (n = 11,379) | 71+ y (n = 5639) | ||||
All Individuals | Consumers Only | All Individuals | Consumers Only | All Individuals | Consumers Only | |
Sweetened Beverages | 6.19 ± 0.14 | 9.73 ± 0.16 | 3.42 ± 0.11 | 7.43 ± 0.17 | 2.22 ± 0.07 | 5.63 ± 0.12 |
Soft Drinks | 4.52 ± 0.13 | 9.26 ± 0.17 | 2.45 ± 0.10 | 7.70 ± 0.21 | 1.38 ± 0.06 | 6.29 ± 0.17 |
Fruit Drinks | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 4.95 ± 0.10 | 0.75 ± 0.04 | 4.49 ± 0.15 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 3.98 ± 0.17 |
Sports and Energy Drinks | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 4.86 ± 0.18 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 4.16 ± 0.32 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 3.06 ± 0.43 |
Coffee and Tea | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 5.00 ± 0.14 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 5.57 ± 0.29 | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 5.12 ± 0.43 |
Flavored Milk | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 2.40 ± 0.10 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 2.35 ± 0.13 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 2.54 ± 0.10 |
Rest of the Diet * | 6.92 ± 0.06 | 6.95 ± 0.06 | 7.91 ± 0.07 | 7.92 ± 0.07 | 8.82 ± 0.09 | 8.84 ± 0.09 |
Total Added Sugars | 14.3 ± 0.16 | 12.3 ± 0.15 | 11.8 ± 0.16 |
Added Sugars Source | Quantile | 19–50 y (n = 18,110) Range (% kcal) | 51–70 y (n = 11,379) Range (% kcal) | 71+ y (n = 5639) Range (% kcal) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sweetened Beverages | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | >0 to ≤4.90 | >0 to ≤3.66 | >0 to ≤2.83 | |
3 | >4.90 to ≤10.87 | >3.66 to ≤8.31 | >2.83 to ≤6.05 | |
4 | >10.87 | >8.31 | >6.05 | |
Soft Drinks | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | >0 to ≤4.76 | >0 to ≤3.94 | >0 to ≤3.40 | |
3 | >4.76 to ≤10.04 | >3.94 to ≤8.35 | >3.40 to ≤6.82 | |
4 | >10.04 | >8.35 | >6.82 | |
Fruit Drinks | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | >0 to ≤2.39 | >0 to ≤2.22 | >0 to ≤1.89 | |
3 | >2.39 to ≤5.15 | >2.22 to ≤4.90 | >1.89 to ≤4.19 | |
4 | >5.15 | >4.90 | >4.19 | |
Sports and Energy Drinks | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | >0 to ≤2.46 | >0 to ≤2.34 | >0 to ≤1.28 | |
3 | >2.46 to ≤4.90 | >2.34 to ≤4.25 | >1.28 to ≤3.31 | |
4 | >4.90 | >4.25 | >3.31 | |
Coffee and Tea | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | >0 to ≤2.36 | >0 to ≤2.40 | >0 to ≤2.26 | |
3 | >2.36 to ≤5.14 | >2.40 to ≤5.27 | >2.26 to ≤5.05 | |
4 | >5.14 | >5.27 | >5.05 | |
Flavored Milk | 1 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | >0 to ≤1.37 | >0 to ≤1.41 | >0 to ≤1.75 | |
3 | >1.37 to ≤2.39 | >1.41 to ≤2.42 | >1.75 to ≤2.81 | |
4 | >2.39 | >2.42 | >2.81 |
Sweetened Beverages | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 2 n = 45,870,329 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 26,738,412 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 26,858,208 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 26,819,883 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–Q4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 33.82 (1.08) | 34.32 (1.45) | 34.01 (1.58) | 35.60 (1.49) | 0.49 (0.24), 0.18 | 0.83 (0.88), 0.44 | 0.65 (0.55), 0.45 |
Magnesium | 44.86 (1.15) | 51.31 (1.49) | 58.22 (1.54) | 65.32 (1.34) | 6.81 (0.10), 0.00 † | 13.56 (7.19), 0.20 | 7.00 (0.06), 0.01 † |
Potassium 1 | 35.54 (1.14) | 30.94 (1.39) | 28.07 (1.45) | 24.66 (1.32) | −3.59 (0.23), 0.00 † | −7.71 (3.23), 0.14 | −3.14 (0.16), 0.03 § |
Vitamin A | 40.88 (1.44) | 48.10 (1.72) | 56.22 (1.61) | 62.29 (1.64) | 7.25 (0.26), 0.00 † | 14.82 (7.30), 0.18 | 7.09 (0.60), 0.05 |
Vitamin B12 | 5.51 (0.55) | 3.69 (0.81) | 2.96 (0.66) | 2.45 (0.55) | −1.02 (0.21), 0.04 § | −2.49 (0.64), 0.06 | −0.62 (0.07), 0.07 |
Vitamin C | 49.15 (1.42) | 43.07 (1.70) | 47.48 (1.72) | 51.36 (1.61) | 0.84 (1.68), 0.67 | −1.76 (4.25), 0.72 | 4.14 (0.16), 0.02 § |
Vitamin D | 95.62 (0.54) | 95.24 (0.67) | 96.37 (0.69) | 96.85 (0.49) | 0.45 (0.19), 0.15 | 0.55 (0.84), 0.58 | 0.80 (0.19), 0.15 |
Vitamin E | 81.91 (0.97) | 80.86 (1.65) | 88.96 (1.24) | 89.78 (1.12) | 3.06 (1.12), 0.11 | 4.75 (5.04), 0.45 | 4.42 (2.12), 0.28 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 5.09 (0.48) | 2.90 (0.45) | 1.46 (0.29) | 0.71 (0.16) | −1.49 (0.22), 0.02 § | −3.43 (1.14), 0.10 | −1.09 (0.20), 0.12 |
Protein | 1.45 (0.21) | 1.17 (0.38) | 1.28 (0.32) | 0.84 (0.23) | −0.17 (0.07), 0.12 | −0.35 (0.24), 0.28 | −0.17 (0.16), 0.48 |
Soft Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 64,624,982 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 20,527,842 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 20,569,006 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 20,565,002 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–Q4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 32.55 (0.93) | 36.62 (1.67) | 34.77 (1.70) | 36.86 (1.70) | 1.34 (0.67), 0.19 | 3.53 (0.96), 0.07 | 0.09 (1.14), 0.95 |
Magnesium | 44.52 (1.04) | 57.34 (1.58) | 62.67 (1.76) | 70.27 (1.53) | 8.68 (0.98), 0.01 § | 18.73 (5.44), 0.07 | 6.45 (0.65), 0.06 |
Potassium 1 | 36.21 (0.96) | 26.49 (1.55) | 25.38 (1.53) | 21.56 (1.42) | −4.99 (1.12), 0.05 § | −11.66 (2.16), 0.03 § | −2.45 (0.78), 0.20 |
Vitamin A | 40.69 (1.27) | 56.72 (1.80) | 59.54 (2.07) | 65.52 (2.14) | 8.53 (1.80), 0.04 § | 19.79 (3.75), 0.03 § | 4.38 (0.91), 0.13 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.92 (0.51) | 2.74 (0.59) | 3.26 (0.73) | 2.04 (0.60) | −0.92 (0.31), 0.10 | −2.23 (0.51), 0.05 § | −0.34 (0.50), 0.62 |
Vitamin C | 41.17 (1.21) | 47.71 (1.71) | 53.32 (2.01) | 66.69 (1.89) | 7.89 (1.05), 0.02 § | 14.48 (8.14), 0.22 | 9.44 (2.24), 0.15 |
Vitamin D | 95.46 (0.44) | 95.90 (0.87) | 97.09 (0.57) | 96.61 (0.56) | 0.49 (0.18), 0.12 | 1.06 (0.51), 0.17 | 0.37 (0.48), 0.59 |
Vitamin E | 79.72 (0.95) | 88.28 (1.59) | 92.54 (1.21) | 91.65 (1.31) | 4.57 (1.33), 0.08 | 11.06 (1.91), 0.03 § | 1.72 (1.49), 0.46 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 4.90 (0.42) | 1.45 (0.33) | 0.94 (0.23) | 0.33 (0.09) | −1.63 (0.46), 0.07 | −3.98 (0.47), 0.01 § | −0.56 (0.03), 0.03 § |
Protein | 1.43 (0.20) | 1.04 (0.30) | 1.09 (0.31) | 0.76 (0.28) | −0.21 (0.05), 0.06 | −0.46 (0.15), 0.09 | −0.14 (0.11), 0.44 |
Fruit Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 97,041,663 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 9,649,034 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 9,843,621 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 9,752,514 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–Q4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 34.26 (0.85) | 36.09 (2.47) | 36.67 (2.01) | 30.23 (2.03) | −0.60 (1.00), 0.61 | −0.15 (2.48), 0.96 | −3.05 (2.02), 0.37 |
Magnesium | 53.27 (0.98) | 53.35 (2.84) | 57.45 (2.18) | 48.36 (2.05) | −0.65 (1.32), 0.67 | −0.42 (3.17), 0.91 | −2.73 (3.79), 0.60 |
Potassium 1 | 30.44 (0.83) | 29.20 (2.44) | 27.00 (2.06) | 38.35 (2.04) | 1.42 (1.61), 0.47 | 1.43 (4.21), 0.77 | 4.82 (3.90), 0.43 |
Vitamin A | 49.66 (1.08) | 46.04 (3.52) | 54.59 (2.58) | 52.08 (2.18) | 1.07 (1.11), 0.43 | 1.44 (2.89), 0.67 | 2.83 (3.18), 0.54 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.10 (0.33) | 2.74 (1.05) | 6.38 (1.29) | 2.51 (1.17) | −0.14 (0.64), 0.85 | −0.24 (1.47), 0.88 | −0.25 (2.16), 0.93 |
Vitamin C | 57.84 (1.06) | 26.50 (3.38) | 10.71 (3.91) | 1.66 (1.05) | −20.36 (2.70), 0.02 § | −45.76 (8.45), 0.03 § | −12.30 (1.94), 0.10 |
Vitamin D | 95.91 (0.36) | 96.35 (0.90) | 95.68 (1.00) | 96.89 (0.90) | 0.22 (0.16), 0.31 | 0.42 (0.42), 0.42 | 0.30 (0.54), 0.68 |
Vitamin E | 84.39 (0.68) | 82.88 (2.31) | 87.38 (2.60) | 86.53 (1.65) | 0.83 (0.54), 0.27 | 1.33 (1.57), 0.49 | 1.73 (1.54), 0.46 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 3.00 (0.28) | 3.05 (0.73) | 1.27 (0.36) | 2.62 (0.65) | −0.30 (0.27), 0.38 | −0.70 (0.62), 0.38 | −0.16 (0.90), 0.89 |
Protein | 1.27 (0.16) | 0.98 (0.45) | 1.50 (0.52) | 0.78 (0.42) | −0.10 (0.11), 0.45 | −0.19 (0.25), 0.53 | −0.12 (0.36), 0.79 |
Sports and Energy Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 114,501,042 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 3,911,941 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 3,884,247 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 3,989,602 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–Q4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 35.08 (0.77) | 24.83 (4.20) | 24.94 (2.74) | 26.60 (3.69) | −3.99 (1.48), 0.12 | −9.65 (0.59), 0.00 † | 0.87 (0.45), 0.30 |
Magnesium | 53.39 (0.90) | 51.62 (4.27) | 52.95 (4.48) | 51.83 (3.83) | −0.52 (0.28), 0.21 | −1.25 (0.44), 0.10 | 0.12 (0.72), 0.89 |
Potassium 1 | 30.81 (0.72) | 25.37 (5.39) | 32.39 (3.76) | 33.33 (4.30) | 0.41 (1.21), 0.77 | −0.51 (2.64), 0.86 | 4.02 (1.78), 0.27 |
Vitamin A | 49.35 (0.99) | 56.08 (5.43) | 60.29 (4.40) | 55.45 (4.34) | 3.37 (1.33), 0.13 | 7.97 (1.60), 0.04 § | −0.26 (2.65), 0.94 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.66 (0.33) | 0.02 (0.17) | 0.45 (0.54) | 0.00 (0.02) | −1.92 (0.59), 0.08 | −4.50 (0.15), 0.00 † | −0.01 (0.25), 0.98 |
Vitamin C | 47.94 (1.01) | 48.38 (5.37) | 53.97 (4.68) | 55.32 (3.66) | 2.49 (0.46), 0.03 § | 4.55 (2.23), 0.18 | 3.50 (1.24), 0.22 |
Vitamin D | 95.99 (0.31) | 96.14 (1.14) | 96.25 (1.44) | 95.09 (2.64) | −0.14 (0.15), 0.45 | −0.15 (0.38), 0.74 | −0.52 (0.37), 0.40 |
Vitamin E | 85.24 (0.63) | 79.40 (5.64) | 83.77 (4.37) | 73.56 (4.60) | −3.08 (1.20), 0.12 | −6.18 (3.08), 0.18 | −2.82 (4.27), 0.63 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 3.06 (0.25) | 0.92 (0.75) | 1.00 (0.52) | 1.28 (0.76) | −0.82 (0.31), 0.11 | −2.00 (0.11), 0.00 † | 0.18 (0.05), 0.19 |
Protein | 1.21 (0.14) | 0.68 (0.92) | 1.71 (1.15) | 2.50 (0.90) | 0.31 (0.18), 0.23 | 0.40 (0.55), 0.54 | 0.91 (0.07), 0.05 |
Coffee and Tea | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 99,219,698 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 8,638,066 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 9,403,285 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 9,025,782 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–Q4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 34.03 (0.87) | 36.70 (2.36) | 34.64 (2.56) | 35.84 (3.13) | 0.62 (0.44), 0.30 | 1.67 (0.68), 0.13 | −0.43 (0.96), 0.73 |
Magnesium | 52.98 (0.94) | 54.61 (2.37) | 55.95 (2.74) | 53.62 (2.86) | 0.65 (0.49), 0.31 | 1.78 (0.77), 0.15 | −0.49 (1.08), 0.73 |
Potassium 1 | 30.48 (0.85) | 30.57 (2.55) | 28.22 (2.59) | 37.20 (2.54) | 1.15 (1.20), 0.44 | 1.39 (3.02), 0.69 | 3.29 (3.36), 0.51 |
Vitamin A | 49.43 (1.02) | 50.86 (2.80) | 51.60 (2.81) | 54.08 (3.17) | 1.41 (0.16), 0.01 § | 2.73 (1.08), 0.13 | 1.60 (0.51), 0.20 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.23 (0.31) | 4.38 (1.26) | 3.92 (1.32) | 1.44 (0.65) | −0.65 (0.32), 0.18 | −0.95 (1.02), 0.45 | −1.47 (0.60), 0.25 |
Vitamin C | 46.93 (1.03) | 43.97 (3.48) | 55.08 (2.48) | 60.68 (3.00) | 4.06 (1.47), 0.11 | 6.30 (5.48), 0.37 | 8.36 (1.63), 0.12 |
Vitamin D | 95.74 (0.37) | 96.56 (1.00) | 96.93 (0.77) | 97.34 (0.64) | 0.56 (0.06), 0.01 † | 1.20 (0.25), 0.04 § | 0.39 (0.01), 0.02 § |
Vitamin E | 84.33 (0.78) | 85.19 (2.62) | 86.28 (2.36) | 87.28 (1.81) | 0.98 (0.02), 0.00 † | 1.92 (0.68), 0.11 | 1.05 (0.03), 0.02 § |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 3.19 (0.29) | 2.95 (0.75) | 2.06 (0.81) | 0.66 (0.36) | −0.73 (0.14), 0.04 § | −1.28 (0.74), 0.23 | −1.15 (0.15), 0.08 |
Protein | 1.21 (0.15) | 1.79 (0.65) | 0.99 (0.53) | 0.85 (0.32) | −0.08 (0.14), 0.63 | 0.00 (0.33), 0.99 | −0.47 (0.20), 0.25 |
Flavored Milk | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 120,167,033 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 2,033,860 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 2,024,315 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 2,061,624 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–Q4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 35.62 (0.78) | 22.08 (4.14) | 7.64 (3.11) | 3.40 (2.18) | −11.85 (1.10), 0.01 † | −24.51 (5.82), 0.05 | −9.36 (2.94), 0.19 |
Magnesium | 54.10 (0.87) | 43.66 (5.38) | 33.50 (8.79) | 25.54 (5.31) | −9.81 (0.28), 0.00 † | −19.81 (5.39), 0.07 | −9.07 (0.64), 0.04 § |
Potassium 1 | 29.86 (0.72) | 38.17 (6.92) | 49.06 (6.61) | 63.15 (5.19) | 10.48 (0.65), 0.00 † | 20.19 (7.43), 0.11 | 12.48 (0.92), 0.05 § |
Vitamin A | 51.08 (0.99) | 39.34 (5.53) | 31.50 (5.99) | 19.03 (3.68) | −10.50 (0.38), 0.00 † | −21.06 (6.07), 0.07 | −10.15 (1.33), 0.08 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.32 (0.30) | 1.50 (1.18) | 0.25 (0.42) | 0.02 (0.06) | −1.70 (0.30), 0.03 § | −3.72 (0.47), 0.02 § | −0.74 (0.29), 0.24 |
Vitamin C | 48.45 (0.97) | 51.21 (4.99) | 40.81 (8.50) | 49.42 (5.25) | −0.68 (1.50), 0.69 | −1.28 (3.29), 0.74 | −0.93 (5.47), 0.89 |
Vitamin D | 96.52 (0.29) | 93.18 (2.51) | 94.16 (5.65) | 64.50 (7.78) | −7.48 (3.16), 0.14 | −12.51 (9.96), 0.34 | −14.29 (8.82), 0.35 |
Vitamin E | 84.66 (0.65) | 78.89 (4.83) | 89.97 (4.26) | 84.83 (3.60) | 0.39 (1.50), 0.82 | −0.14 (3.29), 0.97 | 3.00 (4.67), 0.64 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 2.84 (0.24) | 2.70 (1.73) | 1.64 (1.20) | 4.47 (2.21) | 0.17 (0.37), 0.69 | 0.10 (0.84), 0.92 | 0.88 (1.12), 0.58 |
Protein | 1.29 (0.16) | 0.45 (0.52) | 0.16 (0.26) | 0.08 (0.10) | −0.48 (0.09), 0.03 § | −1.06 (0.11), 0.01 § | −0.18 (0.06), 0.20 |
Sweetened Beverages | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 2 n = 37,742,394 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 9,641,654 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 10,517,451 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 12,072,235 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 54.98 (1.14) | 49.43 (2.17) | 51.25 (2.21) | 56.20 (2.12) | −0.07 (1.42), 0.97 | −2.42 (2.93), 0.49 | 3.45 (0.90), 0.16 |
Magnesium | 49.30 (1.33) | 51.85 (2.08) | 55.95 (2.11) | 68.36 (1.67) | 5.69 (1.36), 0.05 | 10.06 (7.20), 0.30 | 8.42 (2.41), 0.18 |
Potassium 1 | 40.13 (1.27) | 38.26 (2.04) | 35.83 (1.82) | 27.45 (1.83) | −3.77 (0.91), 0.05 | −6.70 (4.75), 0.29 | −5.52 (1.72), 0.19 |
Vitamin A | 39.50 (1.49) | 39.38 (2.10) | 46.15 (2.16) | 53.12 (2.41) | 4.30 (1.02), 0.052 | 7.25 (5.65), 0.33 | 6.87 (0.06), 0.01 † |
Vitamin B12 | 5.23 (0.55) | 3.92 (0.90) | 3.96 (0.87) | 3.39 (0.82) | −0.62 (0.15), 0.05 | −1.50 (0.27), 0.03 § | −0.28 (0.18), 0.37 |
Vitamin C | 45.12 (1.26) | 35.45 (2.17) | 39.46 (2.39) | 45.82 (2.10) | −0.40 (2.24), 0.88 | −4.48 (4.34), 0.41 | 5.23 (0.68), 0.08 |
Vitamin D | 95.82 (0.50) | 93.40 (0.92) | 95.02 (1.01) | 96.14 (0.64) | 0.01 (0.54), 0.99 | −0.86 (1.12), 0.53 | 1.36 (0.15), 0.07 |
Vitamin E | 82.49 (1.05) | 82.53 (2.00) | 85.51 (1.75) | 91.29 (1.22) | 2.63 (0.77), 0.08 | 4.29 (3.71), 0.37 | 4.44 (0.81), 0.11 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 15.99 (1.01) | 13.91 (1.47) | 9.12 (1.17) | 4.47 (0.68) | −3.76 (0.38), 0.01 § | −7.18 (3.88), 0.21 | −4.72 (0.04), 0.01 † |
Protein | 1.98 (0.27) | 2.02 (0.56) | 1.71 (0.39) | 1.55 (0.39) | −0.14 (0.04), 0.06 | −0.23 (0.19), 0.34 | −0.23 (0.04), 0.11 |
Soft Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 47,679,443 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 6,587,851 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 7,594,210 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 8,112,229 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 52.72 (0.95) | 51.97 (2.43) | 53.93 (2.50) | 58.97 (2.54) | 1.60 (0.73), 0.16 | 2.28 (2.58), 0.47 | 3.52 (0.91), 0.16 |
Magnesium | 47.87 (1.18) | 59.62 (2.57) | 63.70 (2.81) | 76.48 (1.72) | 9.15 (0.84), 0.01 † | 18.85 (6.30), 0.10 | 8.49 (2.58), 0.19 |
Potassium 1 | 41.76 (1.10) | 30.86 (2.06) | 28.40 (2.21) | 21.42 (2.00) | −6.86 (0.85), 0.02 § | −14.93 (3.50), 0.05 | −4.75 (1.34), 0.17 |
Vitamin A | 38.20 (1.20) | 49.85 (2.56) | 48.86 (3.09) | 58.27 (3.02) | 6.45 (1.23), 0.03 § | 14.13 (3.74), 0.06 | 4.27 (3.08), 0.40 |
Vitamin B12 | 5.03 (0.53) | 2.95 (0.72) | 4.59 (1.10) | 3.19 (1.03) | −0.55 (0.36), 0.27 | −1.43 (0.64), 0.16 | 0.10 (0.90), 0.93 |
Vitamin C | 38.81 (1.06) | 46.49 (2.54) | 49.10 (3.18) | 60.60 (2.76) | 6.70 (0.84), 0.02 § | 13.34 (5.38), 0.13 | 7.11 (2.63), 0.23 |
Vitamin D | 95.02 (0.44) | 94.90 (1.29) | 96.56 (0.76) | 96.29 (0.73) | 0.51 (0.19), 0.12 | 0.93 (0.63), 0.28 | 0.68 (0.57), 0.44 |
Vitamin E | 81.17 (0.96) | 87.26 (2.14) | 92.06 (1.38) | 93.40 (1.28) | 4.51 (0.61), 0.02 § | 9.85 (2.28), 0.05 § | 3.05 (1.03), 0.21 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 16.23 (0.92) | 8.21 (1.19) | 6.58 (1.17) | 2.22 (0.43) | −4.80 (0.68), 0.02 § | −10.60 (2.21), 0.04 § | −3.01 (0.81), 0.17 |
Protein | 1.93 (0.24) | 1.69 (0.50) | 1.89 (0.45) | 1.94 (0.57) | −0.01 (0.05), 0.89 | −0.08 (0.09), 0.48 | 0.12 (0.05), 0.23 |
Fruit Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 58,332,159 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 3,528,538 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 3,672,186 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 4,440,850 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 53.79 (0.90) | 52.06 (3.03) | 57.72 (3.21) | 47.84 (2.74) | −0.96 (1.35), 0.55 | −1.42 (3.24), 0.70 | −2.30 (4.43), 0.70 |
Magnesium | 53.82 (1.10) | 52.78 (2.76) | 55.87 (3.45) | 47.75 (2.57) | −1.20 (1.03), 0.37 | −1.86 (2.69), 0.56 | −2.65 (3.20), 0.56 |
Potassium 1 | 36.53 (1.03) | 36.48 (2.52) | 34.58 (2.94) | 46.80 (2.63) | 2.14 (1.54), 0.30 | 3.08 (4.33), 0.55 | 5.33 (4.03), 0.41 |
Vitamin A | 43.02 (1.21) | 36.13 (3.33) | 42.69 (3.89) | 42.40 (3.38) | −0.50 (1.26), 0.73 | −2.49 (2.35), 0.40 | 3.05 (1.95), 0.36 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.48 (0.42) | 3.06 (1.48) | 8.13 (2.22) | 2.31 (1.10) | −0.10 (0.90), 0.92 | −0.04 (2.04), 0.99 | −0.50 (3.10), 0.90 |
Vitamin C | 49.89 (1.14) | 17.55 (2.81) | 3.79 (2.58) | 2.32 (1.54) | −18.45 (3.62), 0.04 § | −42.33 (5.35), 0.02 § | −7.47 (3.51), 0.28 |
Vitamin D | 95.52 (0.34) | 92.55 (1.65) | 95.42 (1.12) | 96.12 (1.47) | −0.01 (0.59), 0.99 | −0.75 (1.21), 0.60 | 1.76 (0.62), 0.21 |
Vitamin E | 83.99 (0.92) | 84.15 (2.22) | 89.25 (2.16) | 84.38 (2.17) | 0.77 (0.86), 0.46 | 1.90 (1.84), 0.41 | 0.00 (2.84), 1.00 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 12.95 (0.77) | 11.77 (1.79) | 8.31 (1.94) | 13.90 (1.82) | −0.43 (0.90), 0.68 | −1.53 (1.84), 0.49 | 1.18 (2.58), 0.73 |
Protein | 1.90 (0.21) | 1.99 (0.83) | 1.76 (0.73) | 1.06 (0.51) | −0.21 (0.09), 0.15 | −0.32 (0.31), 0.42 | −0.47 (0.13), 0.18 |
Sports and Energy Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 67,548,696 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 831,108 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 816,301 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 881,517 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 54.22 (0.83) | 44.33 (9.35) | 33.43 (8.40) | 33.98 (5.40) | −7.86 (1.19), 0.02 § | −17.43 (3.46), 0.04 § | −4.91 (3.29), 0.38 |
Magnesium | 53.77 (1.03) | 63.96 (7.04) | 45.65 (8.22) | 48.02 (7.25) | −1.81 (2.22), 0.50 | −1.93 (5.60), 0.76 | −7.48 (5.94), 0.43 |
Potassium 1 | 36.88 (0.91) | 24.95 (8.37) | 46.98 (8.14) | 42.74 (6.71) | 2.00 (2.64), 0.53 | 2.12 (6.57), 0.78 | 8.28 (7.54), 0.47 |
Vitamin A | 42.53 (1.16) | 53.83 (7.54) | 43.40 (8.99) | 56.88 (8.69) | 4.02 (1.87), 0.16 | 9.05 (4.21), 0.16 | 2.09 (6.87), 0.81 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.71 (0.41) | 0.10 (0.36) | 0.33 (0.50) | 0.00 (0.07) | −1.90 (0.52), 0.07 | −4.57 (0.10), 0.00 † | −0.06 (0.16), 0.77 |
Vitamin C | 43.05 (1.04) | 53.01 (8.99) | 39.76 (9.13) | 49.68 (8.69) | 1.64 (1.90), 0.48 | 4.34 (3.96), 0.39 | −1.12 (6.65), 0.89 |
Vitamin D | 95.47 (0.35) | 96.58 (1.84) | 90.72 (5.91) | 90.50 (4.30) | −1.69 (0.54), 0.09 | −3.14 (1.95), 0.25 | −2.91 (1.62), 0.32 |
Vitamin E | 84.69 (0.83) | 78.04 (7.61) | 78.11 (8.97) | 79.05 (5.01) | −2.50 (0.85), 0.10 | −6.24 (0.34), 0.00 † | 0.52 (0.25), 0.28 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 12.68 (0.64) | 7.17 (3.85) | 13.69 (6.15) | 6.72 (2.47) | −1.54 (1.05), 0.28 | −3.55 (2.29), 0.26 | −0.54 (3.87), 0.91 |
Protein | 1.87 (0.20) | 0.20 (0.64) | 1.16 (0.98) | 1.98 (1.14) | −0.16 (0.29), 0.64 | −0.68 (0.52), 0.32 | 0.88 (0.04), 0.03 § |
Coffee and Tea | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 58,259,558 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 3,642,763 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 3,965,805 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 4,105,608 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 52.93 (0.90) | 63.97 (2.91) | 51.04 (3.68) | 57.15 (3.53) | 1.37 (2.36), 0.62 | 4.79 (4.22), 0.37 | −3.78 (5.46), 0.61 |
Magnesium | 53.13 (1.06) | 59.40 (3.11) | 52.39 (3.56) | 55.50 (3.38) | 0.82 (1.31), 0.60 | 2.82 (2.29), 0.34 | −2.15 (2.91), 0.59 |
Potassium 1 | 37.16 (0.99) | 29.31 (2.72) | 38.10 (4.11) | 41.15 (3.19) | 0.46 (1.91), 0.83 | −1.47 (3.97), 0.75 | 6.04 (1.65), 0.17 |
Vitamin A | 42.00 (1.15) | 44.86 (3.75) | 44.40 (3.85) | 51.03 (4.46) | 2.47 (0.63), 0.06 | 4.54 (2.27), 0.18 | 2.95 (2.03), 0.38 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.37 (0.43) | 6.43 (1.78) | 3.80 (1.27) | 2.83 (1.06) | −0.27 (0.54), 0.66 | 0.13 (1.20), 0.92 | −1.84 (0.48), 0.16 |
Vitamin C | 41.96 (1.06) | 37.60 (3.96) | 49.06 (3.99) | 57.63 (4.53) | 4.08 (2.00), 0.18 | 5.32 (6.42), 0.49 | 10.07 (0.83), 0.05 |
Vitamin D | 95.09 (0.38) | 97.24 (0.89) | 95.64 (1.33) | 97.19 (0.81) | 0.67 (0.37), 0.21 | 1.61 (0.58), 0.11 | −0.09 (0.90), 0.94 |
Vitamin E | 84.00 (0.93) | 89.05 (2.41) | 84.48 (2.53) | 85.45 (2.94) | 0.72 (0.99), 0.54 | 2.48 (1.58), 0.26 | −1.91 (1.59), 0.44 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 13.18 (0.71) | 12.26 (2.16) | 11.21 (2.41) | 5.79 (1.67) | −1.92 (0.55), 0.07 | −3.18 (2.15), 0.28 | −3.15 (1.25), 0.24 |
Protein | 1.79 (0.22) | 4.47 (1.20) | 0.95 (0.43) | 1.80 (0.61) | 0.06 (0.62), 0.93 | 0.74 (1.20), 0.60 | −1.42 (1.25), 0.46 |
Flavored Milk | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 67,632,660 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 741,030 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 761,003 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 839,040 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 54.48 (0.88) | 50.32 (7.71) | 26.34 (8.98) | 21.19 (6.63) | −11.41 (1.71), 0.02 § | −21.85 (9.22), 0.14 | −14.51 (5.27), 0.22 |
Magnesium | 53.87 (1.03) | 59.56 (6.99) | 43.66 (12.76) | 32.13 (6.60) | −5.80 (2.37), 0.13 | −8.88 (8.21), 0.39 | −13.70 (1.22), 0.06 |
Potassium 1 | 36.76 (0.92) | 36.15 (10.67) | 53.99 (9.42) | 60.33 (6.48) | 7.48 (1.62), 0.04 § | 13.42 (7.45), 0.21 | 12.06 (3.22), 0.17 |
Vitamin A | 43.09 (1.10) | 53.03 (7.87) | 25.60 (10.51) | 20.56 (5.34) | −6.64 (3.31), 0.18 | −9.99 (10.35), 0.44 | −16.17 (6.27), 0.24 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.70 (0.41) | 1.89 (1.63) | 0.19 (0.71) | 0.07 (0.13) | −1.82 (0.30), 0.03 § | −3.98 (0.60), 0.02 § | −0.90 (0.44), 0.29 |
Vitamin C | 42.88 (1.04) | 56.50 (6.41) | 32.18 (10.22) | 47.04 (6.85) | 0.45 (3.36), 0.91 | 2.69 (7.11), 0.74 | −4.62 (10.97), 0.75 |
Vitamin D | 95.89 (0.31) | 95.08 (3.49) | 91.81 (11.34) | 73.01 (7.38) | −5.69 (1.99), 0.10 | −9.54 (7.10), 0.31 | −11.08 (4.35), 0.24 |
Vitamin E | 84.38 (0.85) | 87.14 (5.76) | 90.63 (4.46) | 82.39 (3.90) | 0.57 (1.26), 0.70 | 2.19 (2.43), 0.46 | −2.41 (3.28), 0.60 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 12.74 (0.65) | 2.80 (1.60) | 6.67 (2.70) | 12.01 (4.17) | −1.64 (1.86), 0.47 | −5.51 (2.76), 0.18 | 4.61 (0.41), 0.06 |
Protein | 1.92 (0.21) | 1.36 (1.41) | 0.27 (0.45) | 0.14 (0.32) | −0.65 (0.07), 0.013 § | −1.32 (0.40), 0.08 | −0.61 (0.27), 0.26 |
Sweetened Beverages | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 2 n = 15,059,331 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 4,368,470 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 3,489,802 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 1,968,156 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 71.08 (1.31) | 69.14 (1.83) | 75.08 (2.09) | 73.95 (2.64) | 1.20 (1.00), 0.35 | 1.17 (2.58), 0.69 | 2.84 (2.12), 0.41 |
Magnesium | 63.48 (1.19) | 66.70 (2.17) | 71.61 (2.19) | 74.92 (2.55) | 3.88 (0.22), 0.00 † | 6.71 (3.08), 0.16 | 4.21 (0.48), 0.07 |
Potassium 1 | 32.45 (1.24) | 27.65 (2.19) | 22.42 (2.01) | 23.16 (2.55) | −3.85 (0.81), 0.04 § | −7.59 (2.30), 0.08 | −2.62 (1.78), 0.38 |
Vitamin A | 31.18 (1.50) | 30.41 (2.27) | 40.14 (2.64) | 41.62 (3.10) | 3.65 (1.33), 0.11 | 5.04 (4.79), 0.40 | 6.12 (2.47), 0.24 |
Vitamin B12 | 5.02 (0.73) | 3.42 (0.93) | 4.71 (1.27) | 4.18 (1.08) | −0.29 (0.37), 0.52 | −0.98 (0.54), 0.21 | 0.49 (0.55), 0.53 |
Vitamin C | 40.36 (1.47) | 30.91 (2.27) | 37.30 (2.44) | 31.76 (3.03) | −2.67 (2.01), 0.32 | −7.05 (2.73), 0.12 | 1.17 (3.57), 0.80 |
Vitamin D | 92.99 (0.76) | 91.71 (1.11) | 95.42 (0.91) | 94.42 (1.15) | 0.67 (0.64), 0.41 | 0.60 (1.58), 0.74 | 1.65 (1.41), 0.45 |
Vitamin E | 87.98 (0.81) | 87.84 (1.57) | 91.92 (1.13) | 94.08 (1.57) | 1.92 (0.58), 0.08 | 2.64 (2.39), 0.38 | 3.24 (0.57), 0.11 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 13.51 (0.78) | 10.35 (1.32) | 6.22 (0.97) | 5.65 (1.08) | −3.01 (0.42), 0.02 § | −5.62 (2.02), 0.11 | −2.57 (1.07), 0.25 |
Protein | 5.69 (0.60) | 6.10 (1.25) | 6.58 (0.95) | 4.69 (1.31) | −0.03 (0.33), 0.94 | 0.27 (0.66), 0.72 | −0.56 (0.71), 0.58 |
Soft Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 19,417,069 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 2,365,757 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 1,957,503 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 1,145,430% <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 69.00 (1.18) | 76.51 (1.96) | 81.17 (2.24) | 80.07 (3.02) | 4.92 (1.12), 0.05 § | 9.91 (1.76), 0.03 § | 2.19 (1.76), 0.43 |
Magnesium | 61.85 (1.02) | 77.72 (2.20) | 81.14 (2.48) | 81.06 (2.70) | 8.42 (2.33), 0.07 | 17.79 (1.37), 0.01 † | 1.92 (1.07), 0.32 |
Potassium 1 | 32.82 (1.10) | 19.18 (2.26) | 16.73 (2.60) | 18.76 (2.93) | −6.71 (2.23), 0.10 | −14.61 (0.92), 0.00 † | −0.53 (1.37), 0.76 |
Vitamin A | 30.00 (1.24) | 42.26 (2.93) | 46.67 (4.05) | 49.63 (4.61) | 7.70 (1.39), 0.03 § | 15.35 (2.39), 0.02 § | 3.79 (0.44), 0.07 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.76 (0.65) | 3.55 (1.01) | 5.80 (1.51) | 5.43 (2.03) | 0.22 (0.41), 0.65 | −0.02 (0.86), 0.99 | 1.12 (0.80), 0.39 |
Vitamin C | 34.49 (1.27) | 44.16 (2.99) | 52.34 (3.68) | 43.49 (4.48) | 5.82 (2.40), 0.14 | 12.48 (3.30), 0.06 | 0.87 (5.20), 0.89 |
Vitamin D | 92.09 (0.65) | 95.00 (1.12) | 97.39 (0.76) | 96.02 (1.07) | 1.96 (0.55), 0.07 | 3.99 (0.87), 0.04 § | 0.78 (1.15), 0.62 |
Vitamin E | 86.62 (0.81) | 95.03 (1.14) | 96.88 (0.88) | 96.52 (1.35) | 4.42 (1.26), 0.07 | 9.38 (0.71), 0.01 † | 0.90 (0.68), 0.41 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 13.57 (0.70) | 5.75 (1.04) | 3.40 (0.81) | 3.55 (1.10) | −4.38 (1.12), 0.06 | −9.12 (0.93), 0.01 § | −1.27 (0.76), 0.34 |
Protein | 5.74 (0.57) | 5.69 (1.18) | 6.90 (1.26) | 5.70 (1.57) | 0.21 (0.23), 0.46 | 0.38 (0.47), 0.50 | 0.18 (0.74), 0.85 |
Fruit Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 20,768,028 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 1,708,930 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 1,541,335 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 867,465 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 71.22 (1.06) | 68.38 (3.02) | 74.85 (3.10) | 66.46 (4.28) | −0.43 (1.37), 0.78 | −0.89 (2.76), 0.78 | −0.15 (4.55), 0.98 |
Magnesium | 65.42 (0.93) | 62.05 (3.01) | 69.47 (3.59) | 65.72 (3.99) | 0.53 (1.21), 0.70 | 0.20 (2.54), 0.94 | 2.44 (3.42), 0.61 |
Potassium 1 | 29.40 (1.05) | 33.33 (3.33) | 23.86 (3.48) | 33.82 (3.65) | 0.10 (1.81), 0.96 | 0.56 (3.63), 0.89 | −0.81 (5.95), 0.91 |
Vitamin A | 33.33 (1.33) | 25.38 (2.83) | 34.43 (3.95) | 35.88 (3.82) | 0.02 (2.00), 0.99 | −2.23 (3.70), 0.61 | 5.66 (2.33), 0.25 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.75 (0.62) | 2.43 (1.22) | 5.13 (1.74) | 2.32 (1.29) | −0.57 (0.57), 0.43 | −1.36 (1.03), 0.32 | 0.24 (1.69), 0.91 |
Vitamin C | 42.39 (1.21) | 14.90 (3.11) | 4.65 (3.87) | 1.54 (1.37) | −16.69 (3.26), 0.04 § | −34.30 (4.47), 0.02 § | −7.06 (2.19), 0.19 |
Vitamin D | 93.21 (0.54) | 93.15 (1.63) | 93.52 (1.49) | 92.22 (2.54) | −0.13 (0.17), 0.53 | −0.14 (0.38), 0.75 | −0.38 (0.51), 0.60 |
Vitamin E | 88.74 (0.65) | 89.06 (2.20) | 94.42 (1.94) | 90.74 (2.36) | 1.44 (0.83), 0.23 | 2.67 (1.86), 0.29 | 1.33 (2.77), 0.72 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 11.49 (0.57) | 13.56 (1.90) | 6.64 (1.67) | 8.50 (1.93) | −1.27 (0.99), 0.33 | −1.62 (2.44), 0.57 | −3.01 (2.69), 0.46 |
Protein | 5.48 (0.47) | 4.69 (1.68) | 8.05 (2.15) | 4.31 (1.46) | 0.20 (0.65), 0.79 | 0.36 (1.32), 0.81 | 0.19 (2.18), 0.94 |
Sports and Energy Drinks | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 24,399,415 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 230,617 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 192,969 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 132,236 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 71.32 (0.96) | 70.47 (8.48) | 46.56 (12.07) | 75.64 (8.58) | −3.01 (4.45), 0.57 | −6.92 (8.69), 0.51 | 0.72 (14.93), 0.97 |
Magnesium | 65.70 (0.91) | 57.64 (7.44) | 44.56 (14.31) | 67.07 (6.99) | −3.76 (3.67), 0.41 | −9.60 (6.17), 0.26 | 3.46 (10.03), 0.79 |
Potassium 1 | 29.43 (0.96) | 43.37 (9.51) | 46.18 (10.97) | 31.06 (7.04) | 4.28 (3.41), 0.34 | 11.50 (4.35), 0.12 | −5.52 (5.05), 0.47 |
Vitamin A | 32.89 (1.20) | 30.40 (8.98) | 29.01 (11.18) | 50.04 (8.50) | 2.56 (2.73), 0.45 | 2.36 (6.41), 0.75 | 9.03 (6.32), 0.39 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.51 (0.53) | 0.00 (0.68) | 2.68 (4.57) | 0.43 (1.33) | −1.54 (0.73), 0.17 | −3.56 (0.84), 0.05 | 0.39 (1.39), 0.83 |
Vitamin C | 37.09 (1.12) | 39.71 (13.07) | 29.32 (10.17) | 39.76 (14.35) | −0.39 (1.69), 0.84 | −0.61 (3.44), 0.88 | −0.71 (5.87), 0.92 |
Vitamin D | 93.30 (0.49) | 89.88 (7.63) | 91.06 (3.60) | 95.12 (2.58) | −0.33 (0.93), 0.76 | −1.65 (1.54), 0.40 | 2.52 (0.81), 0.20 |
Vitamin E | 89.41 (0.63) | 85.16 (5.54) | 58.87 (19.32) | 90.67 (5.06) | −4.83 (5.01), 0.44 | −10.97 (9.53), 0.37 | 0.70 (16.36), 0.97 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 11.27 (0.56) | 11.89 (6.51) | 20.27 (9.08) | 10.70 (4.94) | 1.32 (1.51), 0.47 | 2.91 (2.94), 0.43 | 0.03 (5.05), 1.00 |
Protein | 5.59 (0.47) | 4.01 (4.65) | 2.18 (3.40) | 10.39 (4.72) | 0.27 (1.14), 0.83 | −0.43 (2.33), 0.87 | 2.83 (2.83), 0.50 |
Coffee and Tea | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 21,570,292 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 1,358,056 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 1,043,372 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 914,039 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 70.42 (1.00) | 78.43 (2.84) | 71.42 (3.30) | 74.94 (5.01) | 1.91 (1.75), 0.39 | 5.12 (2.30), 0.16 | −2.40 (2.98), 0.57 |
Magnesium | 64.81 (0.95) | 71.02 (3.19) | 65.15 (4.42) | 68.79 (5.97) | 1.49 (1.39), 0.39 | 3.94 (1.92), 0.18 | −1.71 (2.69), 0.64 |
Potassium 1 | 29.82 (1.12) | 23.50 (3.24) | 28.82 (3.85) | 29.93 (5.84) | −0.86 (1.54), 0.63 | −3.29 (2.21), 0.27 | 3.48 (1.19), 0.21 |
Vitamin A | 31.96 (1.18) | 39.53 (4.33) | 33.23 (4.78) | 44.00 (7.01) | 3.30 (1.67), 0.19 | 6.64 (2.99), 0.16 | 1.18 (4.83), 0.85 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.55 (0.56) | 5.50 (1.91) | 3.02 (1.76) | 4.17 (2.45) | −0.22 (0.40), 0.64 | −0.09 (0.82), 0.92 | −0.89 (1.03), 0.55 |
Vitamin C | 36.24 (1.16) | 40.56 (4.31) | 39.35 (3.97) | 51.36 (7.25) | 3.81 (1.19), 0.09 | 6.32 (3.56), 0.22 | 4.58 (3.74), 0.44 |
Vitamin D | 92.72 (0.52) | 96.87 (1.04) | 91.97 (2.20) | 97.02 (1.82) | 1.14 (1.05), 0.39 | 2.70 (1.73), 0.26 | −0.54 (2.81), 0.88 |
Vitamin E | 88.83 (0.72) | 93.05 (1.55) | 88.25 (2.94) | 92.27 (3.48) | 1.02 (1.03), 0.43 | 2.59 (1.60), 0.25 | −0.94 (2.49), 0.77 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 11.75 (0.66) | 9.64 (2.04) | 9.12 (2.22) | 5.23 (2.68) | −1.88 (0.30), 0.02 § | −3.23 (1.33), 0.14 | −2.00 (0.95), 0.28 |
Protein | 5.34 (0.49) | 8.54 (1.90) | 4.34 (1.81) | 6.47 (1.95) | 0.40 (0.84), 0.68 | 1.47 (1.38), 0.40 | −1.43 (1.79), 0.57 |
Flavored Milk | |||||||
Q1 2 n = 23,803,445 % <EAR (SE) | Q2 n = 375,093 % <EAR (SE) | Q3 n = 382,403 % <EAR (SE) | Q4 n = 324,817 % <EAR (SE) | Quantile Trend 3 Beta (SE), p | Q1 vs. Q2,3,4 4 Beta (SE), p | Q2–4 Trend 5 Beta (SE), p | |
Calcium | 72.01 (0.97) | 61.22 (7.24) | 58.26 (7.57) | 30.89 (7.78) | −11.49 (2.20), 0.03 § | −21.05 (9.70), 0.16 | −14.80 (6.94), 0.28 |
Magnesium | 65.75 (0.91) | 71.19 (7.36) | 52.40 (8.96) | 36.71 (6.14) | −7.61 (2.98), 0.13 | −11.22 (10.28), 0.39 | −17.29 (0.88), 0.03 § |
Potassium 1 | 29.14 (0.95) | 21.30 (7.46) | 32.28 (8.56) | 54.15 (6.44) | 5.09 (3.53), 0.29 | 5.79 (9.83), 0.62 | 16.26 (3.10), 0.12 |
Vitamin A | 33.12 (1.20) | 28.84 (8.47) | 23.18 (9.00) | 19.99 (6.45) | −4.54 (0.20), 0.00 † | −8.83 (2.68), 0.08 | −4.46 (0.70), 0.10 |
Vitamin B12 | 4.62 (0.54) | 8.62 (5.31) | 0.22 (0.80) | 0.34 (0.40) | −1.22 (1.16), 0.40 | −1.25 (2.91), 0.71 | −4.27 (2.42), 0.33 |
Vitamin C | 37.11 (1.16) | 35.64 (7.88) | 30.16 (7.69) | 37.72 (6.25) | −1.00 (1.19), 0.49 | −2.60 (2.26), 0.37 | 0.84 (3.71), 0.86 |
Vitamin D | 93.74 (0.48) | 93.49 (3.64) | 97.99 (3.60) | 75.30 (8.07) | −3.28 (2.73), 0.35 | −4.38 (6.90), 0.59 | −8.69 (7.73), 0.46 |
Vitamin E | 89.47 (0.65) | 92.07 (2.72) | 93.30 (3.95) | 76.92 (7.28) | −1.88 (2.18), 0.48 | −1.66 (5.26), 0.78 | −7.31 (5.01), 0.38 |
Dietary Fiber 1 | 11.39 (0.57) | 5.53 (2.97) | 7.15 (3.34) | 13.58 (5.77) | −0.62 (1.45), 0.71 | −2.87 (2.48), 0.37 | 3.95 (1.37), 0.21 |
Protein | 5.62 (0.45) | 9.58 (4.66) | 2.71 (1.68) | 0.73 (1.00) | −1.14 (1.10), 0.41 | −0.98 (2.79), 0.76 | −4.50 (1.39), 0.19 |
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Ricciuto, L.; Fulgoni, V.L., III; Gaine, P.C.; Scott, M.O.; DiFrancesco, L. Intakes of Added Sugars, with a Focus on Beverages and the Associations with Nutrient Adequacy in US Adults (NHANES 2003–2018). Nutrients 2023, 15, 3916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183916
Ricciuto L, Fulgoni VL III, Gaine PC, Scott MO, DiFrancesco L. Intakes of Added Sugars, with a Focus on Beverages and the Associations with Nutrient Adequacy in US Adults (NHANES 2003–2018). Nutrients. 2023; 15(18):3916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183916
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicciuto, Laurie, Victor L. Fulgoni, III, P. Courtney Gaine, Maria O. Scott, and Loretta DiFrancesco. 2023. "Intakes of Added Sugars, with a Focus on Beverages and the Associations with Nutrient Adequacy in US Adults (NHANES 2003–2018)" Nutrients 15, no. 18: 3916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183916
APA StyleRicciuto, L., Fulgoni, V. L., III, Gaine, P. C., Scott, M. O., & DiFrancesco, L. (2023). Intakes of Added Sugars, with a Focus on Beverages and the Associations with Nutrient Adequacy in US Adults (NHANES 2003–2018). Nutrients, 15(18), 3916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183916