Effects of Fasting on the Physiological and Psychological Responses in Middle-Aged Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3.2. Analysis of Blood Samples
2.3.3. Assessment of Cardiovascular Variables
2.3.4. Assessment of Psychological Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Results
3.2. Psychological Measures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Age | Fasting | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | p | ||
Age (years) | Younger | 38.50 ± 9.09 | 38.50 ± 9.09 | >0.05 |
Elder | 54.00 ± 5.55 | 54.00 ± 5.55 | >0.05 | |
Together | 49.72 ± 13.03 | 49.72 ± 13.03 | >0.05 | |
BM (kg) | Younger | 73.30 ± 11.15 | 67.83 ± 10.90 | <0.001 |
Elder | 84.60 ± 8.21 | 78.96 ± 8.42 | <0.001 | |
Together | 79.75 ± 10.85 | 74.19 ± 10.79 | <0.001 | |
BH (cm) | Younger | 178.17 ± 5.15 | 178.17 ± 5.15 | >0.05 |
Elder | 178.87 ± 4.52 | 178.87 ± 4.52 | >0.05 | |
Together | 178.57 ± 4.62 | 178.57 ± 4.62 | >0.05 | |
BF (kg) | Younger | 12.02 ± 5.61 | 9.90 ± 5.49 | <0.001 |
Elder | 18.20 ± 4.82 | 16.41 ± 3.98 | <0.001 | |
Together | 15.55 ± 4.82 | 13.62 ± 5.60 | <0.001 | |
FFM (kg) | Younger | 61.28 ± 6.30 | 57.63 ± 6.62 | <0.001 |
Elder | 66.40 ± 4.28 | 62.55 ± 4.85 | <0.001 | |
Together | 64.21 ± 5.66 | 60.44 ± 5.99 | <0.001 | |
TBW (kg) | Younger | 44.88 ± 4.62 | 42.42 ± 4.55 | <0.001 |
Elder | 48.61 ± 3.12 | 45.79 ± 3.57 | <0.001 | |
Together | 47.01 ± 4.14 | 44.34 ± 4.22 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | Younger | 23.11 ± 3.62 | 21.39 ± 3.51 | <0.001 |
Elder | 26.44 ± 2.46 | 24.67 ± 2.45 | <0.001 | |
Together | 25.01 ± 3.35 | 23.26 ± 3.29 | <0.001 |
Variables | Age | Fasting | Age | Fasting | Age vs. Fasting | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Together; Before–After | F | p | F | p | F | p | ||
DBP-Rest (mmHg) | Younger | 87.50 ± 8.80 | 80.00 ± 6.32 | 83.75 ± 7.56 | 2.243 | >0.05 | 6.751 | <0.05 | 0.468 | >0.05 |
Elder | 79.38 ± 10.50 | 75.00 ± 9.64 | 77.19 ± 10.07 | |||||||
Together | 82.86 ± 9.65 | 77.14 ± 7.96 | before–after = :0.027 | |||||||
DBP-Exercise (mm/Hg) | Younger | 76.67 ± 10.80 | 75.83 ± 10.21 | 76.25 ± 10.50 | 0.0621 | >0.05 | 0.0120 | >0.05 | 0,3190 | >0.05 |
Elder | 74.36 ± 10.16 | 75.36 ± 8.63 | 75.00 ± 9.39 | |||||||
Together | 75.36 ± 10.32 | 75.71 ± 9.64 | ||||||||
SBP-Rest (mmHg) | Younger | 130.00 ± 8.37 | 118.33 ± 10.33 | 124.17 ± 9.35 | 3.474 | >0.05 | 22.374 | <0.001 | 0.077 | >0.05 |
Elder | 120.62 ± 14.25 | 107.50 ± 15.34 b | 114.06 ± 14.79 | |||||||
Together | 124.64 ± 12.63 | 112.14 ± 11.39 b = 0.0192 | before–after = 0.0004 | |||||||
SBP-Exercise (mmHg0) | Younger | 192.50 ± 28.42 | 166.67 ± 22.73 | 179.58 ± 25.57 | 0.0503 | >0.05 | 6.179 | <0.05 | 0.847 | >0.05 |
Elder | 180.00 ± 14.39 | 168.12 ± 15.34 | 174.06 ± 14.86 | |||||||
Together | 185.36 ± 21.52 | 167.50 ± 18.05 | before–after = :0.035 | |||||||
HR-Rest (bpm) | Younger | 63.17 ± 8.40 | 71.17 ± 14.63 | 67.17 ± 11.51 | 0.0669 | >0.05 | 5.1732 | <0.05 | 0.1530 | >0.05 |
Elder | 65.75 ± 9.74 | 71.50 ± 13.15 | 68.83 ± 11.44 | |||||||
Together | 64.64 ± 8.94 | 71.34 ± 13.25 | before–after = 0.036 | |||||||
HR-Exercise (bpm) | Younger | 158.00 ± 23.55 | 158.17 ± 19.67 | 158.33 ± 21.61 | 0.758 | >0.05 | 0.168 | >0.05 | 0.375 | >0.05 |
Elder | 167.13 ± 12.02 | 163.75 ± 9.66 | 165.44 ± 10.84 | |||||||
Together | 163.21 ± 17.69 | 161.57 ± 14.35 |
Variables | Age | Fasting | Age | Fasting | Age vs. Fasting | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Together Before–After | F | p | F | p | F | p | ||
Glucose-Rest (mmol/L) | Younger | 4.68 ± 0.36 | 3.76 ± 0.30 a | 4.22 ± 0.33 | 1.489 | >0.05 | 35.651 | <0.001 | 0.344 | >0.05 |
Elder | 5.11 ± 0.58 | 3.99 ± 0.85 b | 4.55 ± 0.71 | |||||||
Together | 4.93 ± 0.53 a = 0.0295 | 3.90 ± 0.66 b = 0.000052 | before–after = 0.000052 | |||||||
Glucose-Exercise (mmol/L) | Younger | 5.64 ± 0.89 | 4.28 ± 0.45 a | 4.96 ± 0.67 | 1.549 | >0.05 | 25.823 | <0.001 | 0.055 | >0.05 |
Elder | 5.98 ± 0.72 a = 0.0317 | 4.74 ± 0.86 b | 5.36 ± 0.79 | |||||||
Together | 5.84 ± 0.78 a = 0.0317 | 4.54 ± 0.73 b = 0.02348 | before–after = 0.00026 | |||||||
Cortisol-Rest (ng/mL) | Younger | 308.68 ± 89.24 | 519.85 ± 164.15 b | 414.27 ± 99.21 | 0.306 | >0.05 | 22.193 | <0.001 | 0.535 | >0.05 |
Elder | 308.50 ± 93.24 | 462.89 ± 105.18 a | 385.6 ± 126.709 | |||||||
Together | 308.58 ± 87.36 a = 0.06 | 487.30 ± 140.07 b = 0.03 | ||||||||
Cortisol- Exercise (ng/mL) | Younger | 336.18 ± 89.32 | 499.45 ± 202.60 | 417.82 ± 124.80 | 0.028 | >0.05 | 14.670 | <0.05 | 0.145 | >0.05 |
Elder | 307.63 ± 157.27 | 506.83 ± 92.34 a | 407.23 ± 145.96 | |||||||
Together | 319.89 ± 118.42 a = 0.05 | 503.66 ± 159.36 | ||||||||
β-hydroxybutyrate-Rest (mmol/L) | Younger | 0.318 ± 0.22 | 4.40 ± 0.55 | 2.36 ± 0.38 | 0.096 | >0.05 | 86.357 | <0.001 | 0.1008 | >0.05 |
Elder | 0.315 ± 0.20 | 4.13 ± 1.98 | 2.22 ± 1.1 | |||||||
Together | 0.317 ± 0.20 | 4.25 ± 1.50 | 2.28 ± 0.85 | |||||||
β-hydroxybutyrate-Exercise (mmol/L) | Younger | 0.24 ± 0.15 | 3.96 ± 0.95 | 2.1 ± 0.55 | 0.682 | >0.05 | 82.697 | <0.001 | 0.57 | >0.05 |
Elder | 0.20 ± 0.17 | 3.33 ± 1.68 | 1.76 ± 0.92 | |||||||
Together | 0.21 ± 0.16 | 3.60 ± 1.40 | 1.90 ± 0.78 |
Younger | Stens | Elder | Stens | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before fasting | 10.50 ± 4.23 | 4 | 9.50 ± 5.73 | 4 | >0.05 |
After fasting | 10.00 ± 3.41 | 4 | 8.00 ± 4.00 | 3 | >0.05 |
p | >0.05 | >0.05 |
Anxiety State | Anxiety Trait | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Younger | Stens | Elder | Stens | p | Younger | Stens | Elder | Stens | p | |
Before fasting | 29.00 ± 4.90 | 3 | 30.12 ± 7.53 | 4 | >0.05 | 35.00 ± 9.53 | 4 | 34.00 ± 3.66 | 3 | >0.05 |
After fasting | 31.82 ± 5.49 | 4 | 26.75 ± 6.14 | 3 | >0.05 | 32.50 ± 6.35 | 3 | 32.50 ± 6.78 | 2 | >0.05 |
p | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 |
Stress and Anxiety Indicators | Cortisol—Before Fasting | Cortisol—After Fasting | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Before Fasting | Rest | Exercise | Rest | Exercise |
| −0.54 | −0.15 | −0.59 | −0.54 |
| −0.44 | −0.10 | −0.31 | −0.29 |
| −0.67 | −0.28 | −0.49 | −0.25 |
After fasting | ||||
| −0.41 | −0.03 | −0.43 | −0.16 |
| −0.57 | −0.24 | −0.15 | −0.25 |
| −0.69 | −0.25 | −0.32 | −0.13 |
Efficiency indicators of cognitive processes | C—Before fasting | C—After fasting | ||
Before fasting | Rest | Exercise | Rest | Exercise |
| 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.13 |
| −0.62 | −0.20 | −0.49 | −0.29 |
| −0.45 | −0.18 | −0.49 | −0.37 |
| 0.20 | 0.04 | −0.02 | −0.10 |
After fasting | ||||
| 0.34 | −0.05 | 0.25 | 0.14 |
| −0.54 | −0.15 | −0.39 | −0.14 |
| −0.36 | −0.12 | −0.36 | −0.16 |
| 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.10 |
Indicators of Efficiency of Cognitive Processes | Stress and Anxiety Indicators Before Fasting | Stress and Anxiety Indicators After Fasting | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Fasting: | PSS | STAI-State | STAI-Trait | PSS | STAI-State | STAI-Trait |
| −0.55 | −0.48 | −0.03 | −0.60 | −0.21 | −0.30 |
| 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.65 |
| 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.20 | 0.32 |
| −0.14 | −0.30 | −0.30 | −0.33 | −0.41 | −0.50 |
After Fasting: | ||||||
| −0.61 | −0.48 | −0.09 | −0.51 | −0.12 | −0.32 |
| 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.71 |
| 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.05 | 0.43 |
| −0.19 | −0.31 | −0.55 | −0.30 | −0.56 | −0.63 |
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Stec, K.; Pilis, K.; Pilis, W.; Dolibog, P.; Letkiewicz, S.; Głębocka, A. Effects of Fasting on the Physiological and Psychological Responses in Middle-Aged Men. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153444
Stec K, Pilis K, Pilis W, Dolibog P, Letkiewicz S, Głębocka A. Effects of Fasting on the Physiological and Psychological Responses in Middle-Aged Men. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153444
Chicago/Turabian StyleStec, Krzysztof, Karol Pilis, Wiesław Pilis, Paweł Dolibog, Sławomir Letkiewicz, and Alicja Głębocka. 2023. "Effects of Fasting on the Physiological and Psychological Responses in Middle-Aged Men" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153444