Gait Analysis, Metabolic Parameters and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared with Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Adherence to MedDiet
2.2. Anthropometric Data
2.3. Diabetes Distress Scale
2.4. Biochemical Data
2.5. Gait Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | T2DM | HC | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
stride_length.avg | 1.04 (±0.13) | 0.94 (±0.15) | 0.000 |
walking_speed.avg | 2.96 (±0.52) | 2.64 (0.54) | 0.001 |
angle_attack.avg | 0.3 (±0.07) | 0.26 (±0.09) | 0.001 |
oscillation_speed.avg | 1.33 (±0.17) | 1.23 (±0.18) | 0.002 |
time_digitigrade_phase.avg | 279.09 (±37.21) | 259.98 (±41.77) | 0.007 |
pro_sup_TO.avg | meion 0.03 (±0.07) | 0 (±0.07) | 0.009 |
clearance.avg | 11.97 (±6.3) | 9.48 (±5.98) | 0.020 |
time_plantigrade_phase.avg | 367.81 (±102.8) | 338.81 (121.86) | 0.151 |
pro_sup_FFI.avg | MEION 0.03 (0.04) | MEION 0.02 (±0.04) | 0.393 |
pro_sup_HO.avg | 0.03 (±0.05) | 0.03 (±0.07) | 0.501 |
cadence.avg | 47.31 (±4.9) | 46.94 (±4.96) | 0.667 |
flight_time.avg | 490.57 (±46.512 | 489.27 (±55.46) | 0.887 |
gaitline_TO.avg | 3 (0) | 2.99 (0.02) | <0.001 |
propulsion_speed.avg | 0.81 (0.26) | 0.94 (0.26) | <0.001 |
foot_progression_angle.avg | 0.19 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.13) | 0.006 |
time_taligrade_phase.avg | 148.93 (108.95) | 117.35 (60.34) | 0.016 |
circumduction.avg | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.039 |
gaitline_TS.avg | 2.74 (0.2) | 2.67 (0.21) | 0.339 |
pro_sup_HS.avg | MEION 0.12 (0.06) | MEION 0.12 0.06) | 0.404 |
gaitline_HS.avg | 2.18 (0.44) | 2.05 (0.47) | 0.482 |
Confusions | 75 (13.34) | 78 (10.38) | 0.825 |
gaitline_HO.avg | 2.77 (0.33) | 2.82 (0.25) | 0.939 |
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Variables | T2DM Group | HC Group | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, n | 78F/21M | 34F/16M | 0.78 |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 66.4 ± 11.5 | 62.1 ± 7.9 | 0.657 |
Height, m (mean ± SD) | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.564 |
Weight, kg (median, MAD) | 85.0 (13.3) | 75.5 (15.6) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 (median, MAD) | 30.5 (4.4) | 27.5 (6.0) | <0.001 |
WC, cm (mean ± SD) | 103 ± 17 | 93 ± 19 | <0.001 |
SBP, mmHg (median, MAD) | 131.0 (13.3) | 120 (5.9) | <0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 130.0 (25.2) | 88.0 (9.6) | <0.001 |
HBA1c, % (median, MAD) | 6.5 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Total Cholesterol, mg/dL (mean ± SD) | 176 ± 4 | 196 ± 35 | 0.002 |
HDL-C, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 43 (10) | 51 (10) | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 90 (40) | 107 (44) | 0.007 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 148 (68) | 126 (44) | 0.005 |
Sodium, mEq/L (median, MAD) | 139.0 (1.5) | 140.0 (1.5) | <0.001 |
WBC, 109/L (median, MAD) | 7.56 (2.00) | 6.70 (1.36) | <0.001 |
CRP, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 0.20 (0.03) | 0.22 (0.01) | <0.001 |
Uric Acid, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 5.6 (1.7) | 4.3 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Urea, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 34.5 (9.6) | 31 (5.9) | <0.001 |
Creatinine, mg/dL (median, MAD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.002 |
Food Type | T2DM Mean (±SD) | HC Mean (±SD) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Potatoes | 1.66 (±0.79) | 1.86 (±0.53) | 0.790 |
Whole grains | 1 (±1.48) | 1 (±1.48) | 0.078 |
Olive oil | 5 (±0) | 5 (±0) | 0.115 |
Vegetables | 2 (±1.93) | 2 (±2.08) | 0.118 |
Full Fat Dairies | 4.95 (±0.22) | 4.9 (±0.3) | 0.251 |
Fruits | 2 (±0) | 2 (±0) | 0.339 |
Alcohol | 5 (±0) | 5 (±0) | 0.380 |
White meat | 5 (±0) | 5 (±0) | 0.521 |
Red meat | 4.61 (±0) | 4.55 (±0) | 0.618 |
Legumes | 2 (±0) | 2 (±0) | 0.868 |
Fish/shelfish | 1 (±0) | 1 (±0) | 0.888 |
MedDiet Score | 34 (±3) | 34 (±1) | 0.718 |
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Efthymiou, D.; Katsiki, N.; Zekakos, D.X.; Vassiliadis, P.; Petrelis, A.; Vassilopoulou, E. Gait Analysis, Metabolic Parameters and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared with Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153421
Efthymiou D, Katsiki N, Zekakos DX, Vassiliadis P, Petrelis A, Vassilopoulou E. Gait Analysis, Metabolic Parameters and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared with Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153421
Chicago/Turabian StyleEfthymiou, Dimitris, Niki Katsiki, Dimitrios Xipolias Zekakos, Panagiotis Vassiliadis, Alexandros Petrelis, and Emilia Vassilopoulou. 2023. "Gait Analysis, Metabolic Parameters and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared with Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153421