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Article

Trends in Mean Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1995–2019

by
Chisa Shinsugi
and
Hidemi Takimoto
*
Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 566-0002, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3297; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153297
Submission received: 17 June 2023 / Revised: 19 July 2023 / Accepted: 21 July 2023 / Published: 25 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Nutritional Assessment in Children)
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Abstract

:
This study aimed to describe the national trends in mean energy and nutrient intakes in Japanese children and adolescents from 1995 to 2019. We used data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey and included 54,871 participants aged 1–19 years. The dietary intake was estimated using a 1-day, semi-weighed, household-based, dietary record. The trends of mean energy and nutrient intakes were analyzed using the Joinpoint Regression Program. A declining trend in the mean energy intake was observed in toddlers aged 1–6 years, school girls aged 7–14 years, and adolescent girls aged 15–19 years, while the mean energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates changed little over time. The mean salt equivalent showed a decreasing trend in all age groups, although the 2019 mean values were above the tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related diseases, especially in adolescent boys. Declining trends in mean vitamin (vitamin A, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, and vitamin K) and mineral (calcium, iron, and copper) intakes were observed, while trends in the mean vitamin B6 and zinc intakes were unchanged since 2001. Continuous monitoring of dietary intake and further research are required to raise awareness of unhealthy diet habits and to improve the food environment for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.

1. Introduction

Dietary habits tend to change over time. Japanese adults have reported a decrease in total energy intake, energy intake from protein, and sodium intake, and an increase in energy intake from fat [1]. Moreover, higher-income groups have shown a trend toward a lower cereal intake in the past decade [2]. Children and adolescents who primarily share meals with their parents may also experience similar changes in dietary intake, but little is known about trends in nutrient intake in this age group. There is a high prevalence of stunted children younger than 5 years (7.1%, 2010) and a high percentage of underweight adolescents (19.8%, 2015) with increasing trends since the 1980s [3]. Therefore, assessing the intake status of essential nutrients for adequate child growth and development is important to determine countermeasures that will prevent child malnutrition.
In Japan, school lunches have been provided to children aged 6–14 years for approximately 70 years in accordance with the School Lunch Program Act. This act incorporates more than one third of the daily requirement for children with a moderate level of physical activity, as indicated in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs) [4,5]. Therefore, the nutrient intake of lunch meals in this age group should be stable. However, whether the daily intake, including other meals (breakfast and dinner), and the daily nutrient intake of preschool children and adolescents who do not receive school lunches, are adequate or insufficient over time remain unclear.
Monitoring the nutrient intake of children and adolescents is critical for assessing whether their nutritional requirements for growth and development are being met. The National Nutrition Survey (NNS), later renamed the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) in 2003, is an annual nationwide cross-sectional survey that has evaluated nutrient intakes for Japanese aged ≥1 year for longer than 70 years. Therefore, we aimed to describe the national trends in mean energy and nutrient intakes in children and adolescents from 1995 to 2019.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Participants

We used data from published survey reports from the NNS (1995–2002) and the NHNS (2003–2019) conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan [6]. The period of this study (1995–2019) was selected because the assessment of individual intake of nutrients and food groups began in 1995. Before this time, only household-based food consumption was assessed. The 2020 and 2021 NHNSs were canceled owing to the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Therefore, the 2019 NHNS has the most recent data available. The study participants were selected using a stratified cluster sampling design across all 47 prefectures (Japanese equivalent to province). Residents aged ≥1 year in all households were selected from 300 census enumeration areas, except for the 2004, 2012, and 2016 surveys, which were conducted in 298 (2 areas in Niigata Prefecture were excluded owing to the Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake), 475, and 462 areas, respectively. The method of cluster sampling in 2012 and 2016 differed from that in the other years, and weighing was performed to correct for differences between the number of households in each prefecture. Three prefectures (Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima) were excluded from the 2011 survey because of the Great East Japan earthquake, and one prefecture (Kumamoto) was excluded from the 2016 survey owing to the Kumamoto earthquake. The detailed methodology of the NNS and NHNS have been described elsewhere [7,8]. On the basis of official application procedures under Article 33 of the Statistics Act, we obtained approval for data use from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because only anonymized data were used.
Of the 1995–2019 survey participants, 54,871 (28,062 boys and 26,809 girls) who were aged 1–19 years were included in this analysis.

2.2. Dietary Assessment

Data on dietary intake were collected using a 1-day, semi-weighed, household-based, dietary record on a single day that was neither a Sunday nor a public holiday. The individuals who usually cook for the family recorded the names of food ingredients, weight, and the leftover amount of food for each child in the dietary record. When food weight was missing, trained dieticians estimated the food weight using an official food item booklet with standard portion sizes for frequently consumed dishes. To account for shared dishes within the household, the approximate proportions of each food were assigned to individual household members to estimate the individual food intake. School lunch recipes were collected from the educational board in charge in the case of local public schools and schools serving school lunches in the case of private schools. The individuals who usually cook for the family asked their children about the amount eaten at school lunch and recorded this information. During the survey, trained dietitians visited each household at least once a day to check the dietary record.
The nutrient intake was calculated using the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (4th edition for the 1995–2000 survey; 5th edition for the 2001–2004 survey; 5th revised and enlarged edition for the 2005–2010 survey; 2010 edition for the 2011–2017 survey; 2015 edition for the 2018–2019 survey). Of the 38 energy and nutrient intakes observed in the NHNS [9], the following data on key nutrients for child growth and development based on the DRIs [10] and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) statements [11] were examined in this study: energy, protein, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates, total dietary fiber, sodium, salt, energy from carbohydrates, energy from protein, energy from fat, vitamin A (retinol equivalent), thiamine, riboflavin, niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and copper. Energy and major nutrient intakes have been reported since 1995, while the intake of some detailed nutrients, such as dietary fiber, began to be reported in 2001.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated by sex, three age categories (1–6, 7–14, and 15–19 years), and the survey year. The trend analyses were performed using Stata Version 16.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) and the Joinpoint Regression Program (Joinpoint Regression software, version 4.9.1.0; National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA) [12]. Joinpoint regression analysis uses statistical criteria to determine the minimum number of linear segments required to describe a trend and perform the annual percentage change (APC) for each segment. The Monte Carlo Permutation method was used to test if a change in the trend was statistically significant. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.

3. Results

The trends in energy and nutrient intakes according to sex and age are shown in Table 1 (young boys aged 1–6 years), Table 2 (young girls aged 1–6 years), Table 3 (school boys aged 7–14 years), Table 4 (school girls aged 7–14 years), Table 5 (adolescent boys aged 15–19 years), and Table 6 (adolescent girls aged 15–19 years). The number of survey participants decreased over the years.
Joinpoint regression analyses showed a declining trend in the mean energy intake in toddlers aged 1–6 years (APC of −0.52 for boys and −0.68 for girls, p < 0.001), school girls aged 7–14 years (APC of −0.21, p < 0.001), and adolescent girls aged 15–19 years (APC of −0.37 [1995–2014]) (Figure 1). The latest mean energy intake in 2019 was almost within the estimated energy requirement in the 2020 DRIs, which was set at 900–1300, 1250–2900, and 1700–3150 kcal/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively [10]. Additionally, the mean energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates was within the tentative dietary goal for preventing lifestyle-related disease (DG) for energy intake from protein (13–20% energy), fat (20–30% energy), and carbohydrates (50–65% energy) in the 2020 DRIs, except for energy intake from fat in school and adolescent girls. Similarly, a decreasing trend in the mean protein intake was observed in toddlers aged 1–6 years (APC of −1.35 for boys [1995–2010] and APC of −1.53 for girls [1995–2009], p < 0.001) and school children aged 7–14 years (APC of −0.85 for boys [1995–2009] and −0.88 for girls [1995–2010], p < 0.001). However, adolescents aged 15–19 years showed a decreasing and then increasing trend in the mean protein intake (APC of −1.35 [1995–2008] and 0.64 [2008–2019] for boys, and APC of −0.94 [1995–2014] and 1.94 [2014–2019] for girls, p < 0.001) (Figure 2). A declining trend in the mean fat intake was observed in toddlers aged 1–6 years (APC of −0.58 for boys and −0.86 for girls, p < 0.001) and in school children aged 7–14 years (APC of −0.46 for boys [1995–2010] and −0.30 for girls, p < 0.001). However, the mean fat intake was unchanged in adolescents (Figure 3). A declining trend in the mean carbohydrate intake was found in toddlers aged 1–6 years (APC of −0.49 for boys and −0.57 for girls, p < 0.001) and in adolescent girls aged 15–19 years (APC of −0.32, p < 0.001) (Figure 4).
The intake of total dietary fiber has been reported since 2001. The intakes of saturated fat, sodium, and energy from protein in 2001 and 2004 were not described in the respective survey reports.
A decreasing trend in the mean salt equivalent was observed in toddlers aged 1–6 years (APC of −2.04 for boys [2007–2016] and APC of −1.61 for girls), school children aged 7–14 years (APC of −2.37 [1995–2004] and −0.72 [2004–2019] for boys, and APC of −2.49 [1995–2003] and −0.90 [2003–2019] for girls), and adolescents aged 15–19 years (APC of −2.08 [1995–2004] and −0.70 [2004–2019] for boys, and APC of −1.61 [1995–2014] for girls) (Figure 5). The latest mean salt equivalent in 2019 was above the DG in the 2020 DRIs (<3.0–3.5, 4.5–7.0, and 6.5–7.5 g/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively).
The trends in mean vitamin and mineral intakes according to sex and age are shown in Table 7, Table 8, Table 9, Table 10, Table 11 and Table 12. Joinpoint regression analyses showed that all age groups showed a declining trend in the mean vitamin A intake, and the slope of the decrease was different after 2006 or 2007 (Figure 6). The 2019 mean vitamin A intake was almost within the estimated average requirement (EAR) in the 2020 DRIs (250–350, 300–550, and 450–650 μg retinol activity equivalents (RAE)/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively). The trend in the mean vitamin B6 intake was unchanged over time. A declining trend in the mean vitamin B12 intake was observed, and the 2019 mean vitamin B12 intake was above the EAR in the 2020 DRIs (0.8–0.9, 1.1–2.0, and 2.0 μg/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively). Similarly, the mean folate intake showed a decreasing trend in toddlers aged 1–6 years (APC of 1.54 for boys and 1.37 for girls [2001–2011], p < 0.001), school children aged 7–14 years (APC of 2.06 for boys [2001–2010] and 0.88 for girls, p < 0.001), and adolescents aged 15–19 years (APC of 0.53 for boys, p < 0.05 and 1.06 for girls [2001–2016], p < 0.001) (Figure 7). However, the 2019 mean folate intake was within or above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in the 2020 DRIs (90–110, 140–240, and 240 μg/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively). The mean vitamin D intake showed a decreasing trend in toddler girls and adolescents, and the 2019 mean vitamin D intake was below the adequate intake in the 2020 DRIs, especially in adolescents (8.5–9.0 μg/d for 15–19 years). The mean vitamin K intake also showed a declining trend in toddlers, and the 2019 mean vitamin K intake was above the adequate intake in the 2020 DRIs (50–70, 80–170, and 150–160 μg/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively).
The mean calcium intake showed a declining trend in toddlers aged 1–6 years (APC of 1.14 for boys and 1.37 for girls, p < 0.001), school girls aged 7–14 years (APC of 0.42, p < 0.001), and adolescents aged 15–19 years (APC of 1.06 for boys and 0.76 for girls, p < 0.001) (Figure 8). The 2019 mean calcium intake in young girls and adolescents was lower than the RDA in the 2020 DRIs (400–600, 550–1000, and 650–800 mg/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively). All age groups showed a decreasing trend in the mean iron intake, with different slopes of a decrease in the three time periods (1995–1999, 1999–2002, and 2002–2019) (Figure 9). The 2019 mean iron intake was within the RDA in the 2020 DRIs (4.5–5.5, 5.5–10.0 (12.0 for menstruating), and 6.5–10.0 (10.5 for menstruating) mg/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively), except for in young girls. The trend in the mean zinc intake was unchanged over time in toddlers and school girls, and the 2019 mean zinc intake was within or above the EAR in the 2020 DRIs (2–3, 3–9, and 7–10 mg/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively). While the trend in the mean copper intake was slightly decreased in all age groups, the 2019 mean copper intake was above the EAR in the 2020 DRIs (0.2–0.3, 0.4–0.7, and 0.6–0.8 mg/day for 1–5, 6–14, and 15–19 years, respectively).

4. Discussion

This study showed the trends in energy and nutrient intakes in Japanese children and adolescents for 25 years. The overall trend was a decrease in energy and nutrient intakes, although some nutrient intakes remained unchanged or increased by sex and age group.
The number of survey participants has decreased over the years. This may be linked to the declining trend in the number of live births in Japan, ranging from 1,187,064 in 1995 to 865,239 in 2019 [13]. Moreover, the household response rates are relatively low (63.5%, 2019) [6], although the response rate of individual children and adolescents is unknown. For more detailed analysis of nutrient intake by age group, it would be necessary to increase the response rate of households with children and adolescents in future surveys.
A declining trend in energy intake in boys (young group) and girls (all age groups) was observed in this study, which is consistent with adults [1], while the latest mean energy intake in 2019 was almost within the estimated energy requirement [10]. Moreover, we found that the mean energy intake from protein, fat, and carbohydrates changed little over time. The 2019 mean energy intakes were within the DG, except for the mean energy intake from fat in school and adolescent girls. A previous study showed that a higher household income was associated with higher energy from fat in adolescents [14]. This finding suggested that further study is required to determine the dietary fat source and the underlying factors that contribute to a high fat intake, especially in adolescents.
Although a decreasing trend in the mean salt equivalent in all age groups was observed in this study, the latest mean salt equivalent in 2019 was above the DG. Seasonings, such as soya sauce and soybean paste, account for approximately 70% of the dietary salt source [15]. Therefore, further salt-reduction measures need to be encouraged, especially in adolescent boys. These measures include expanding the options of low-sodium meals in school and university cafeterias, and by warning about salt consumption on food labels at on-campus stores.
Declining trends in mean vitamin A, vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin K intakes were observed, but none of the latest mean intakes in 2019 were deficient compared with the 2020 DRIs. However, the mean vitamin D intake decreased over time and was below the adequate intake, especially in adolescents. Because vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets and osteomalacia, high-risk adolescents may need to incorporate sunlight exposure and dietary modification with vitamin D supplements and vitamin D-fortified foods into their daily lives [16]. With regard to the decrease in vitamin A intake, it should be noted that prior to 2000, the International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake.
A declining trend in the mean calcium intake was observed in all age groups, except for in school boys aged 7–14 years. Our finding that the mean calcium intake in young girls and adolescents was lower than the RDA is alarming. However, we observed trends in calcium intake from foods and did not consider calcium intake from breast milk or formula. Breast milk or formula may be able to compensate for this deficiency in calcium intake. Therefore, continued breastfeeding after the age of 1 year is recommended in Japan, in alignment with the World Health Organization’s recommendation to continue breastfeeding until the age of 2 years and older [17]. Further research is required to assess the overall calcium intake, including breast milk and formula, especially for 1–2-year-olds.
A decreasing trend in the mean iron intake was found in all age groups, and the 2019 mean iron intake was within the RDA, except for that in young girls. The revisions to the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (4th edition for the 1995–2000 survey and 5th edition for the 2001–2004 survey) may have affected the changes in iron intake since 2001. The World Health Organization warns that the global prevalence of anemia in children aged 6–59 months was 39.8% in 2019 [18], although the actual status of iron deficiency anemia in young Japanese girls is unclear. Therefore, more public health attention is required regarding iron intake and the risks associated with iron deficiency in young girls.
This study has several limitations. First, dietary intake assessed by self-administered dietary records might not represent long-term habitual intake. Second, certain groups may have underreported their dietary intake, because the underreporting of energy intake in young children (1–5 years) and adolescents (15–19 years) and in children with obesity has previously been reported [19]. Third, although three age categories are insufficient because of children’s growth, nutrient intakes in the detailed age categories were unavailable in the survey reports from which the data were obtained. Fourth, while many nutrient intakes may have declining trends because the energy intake has decreased over the years, the survey reports do not disclose the values per 1000 kcal. Fifth, this study did not include nutrient intake from breast milk or formula in 1–2-year-olds. The National Nutrition Survey on Preschool Children showed that the percentage of children weaned by 12 months of age was 54.4% in 2005 and 34.7% in 2015 [20]. Sixth, children and adolescents with various illnesses requiring specific dietary regimens such as food allergies and diabetes could not be excluded from this study because the survey did not collect this information. Although these limitations should be noted when interpreting the results, this study showed the annual trends in mean energy and nutrient intakes using nationally representative data for Japanese children and adolescents over the last 25 years.

5. Conclusions

We found declining trends, with some exceptions, in energy and some nutrient intakes in Japanese children and adolescents from 1995 to 2019. Continuous monitoring of the dietary intake and further research are required to raise awareness of unhealthy diet habits and to improve the food environment for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.S.; formal analysis, C.S.; writing—original draft preparation, C.S.; writing—review and editing, H.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Grant Number 21K13555) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because only anonymized data were used.

Informed Consent Statement

Participant consent was waived because the National Health and Nutrition Survey is a governmental statistical survey conducted under the Statistics Act and is processed so that no particular individual, corporation, or other organization can be identified (including by way of collating it with other information).

Data Availability Statement

The data used in this study can be obtained from the survey reports of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/kenkou_eiyou_chousa.html, accessed on 19 December 2022).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Nutrients 15 03297 g001 550
Figure 1. Trends in the proportion of energy intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 1. Trends in the proportion of energy intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Figure 2. Trends in the proportion of protein intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 2. Trends in the proportion of protein intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Figure 3. Trends in the proportion of fat intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 3. Trends in the proportion of fat intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Figure 4. Trends in the proportion of carbohydrate intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 4. Trends in the proportion of carbohydrate intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Figure 5. Trends in the proportion of the salt equivalent according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 5. Trends in the proportion of the salt equivalent according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Figure 6. Trends in the proportion of vitamin A intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05. Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake.
Figure 6. Trends in the proportion of vitamin A intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05. Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake.
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Figure 7. Trends in the proportion of folate intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 7. Trends in the proportion of folate intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Figure 8. Trends in the proportion of calcium intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 8. Trends in the proportion of calcium intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Figure 9. Trends in the proportion of iron intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
Figure 9. Trends in the proportion of iron intake according to sex and age categories. APC, annual percentage change. * p < 0.05.
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Table
Table 1. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in young boys aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Table 1. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in young boys aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n490448381475377361396346347263229276243204238236209846197181182611197181105
Energy (kcal/d)
Mean1530145014351428137214281421138313371342134813531389134613031309131612951275130813611280130212681304<0.001
SD691414413427395442419415396391390396416393351396378377382360405315373332329
Protein (g/d)
Mean56.953.753.654.151.753.749.649.147.047.448.947.648.846.045.645.646.144.644.545.046.745.144.345.447.2<0.001
SD23.018.418.819.617.419.017.617.416.516.417.016.517.414.314.616.215.915.715.615.115.413.515.315.715.9
Total fat (g/d)
Mean49.547.546.345.544.446.345.844.343.643.242.544.043.841.840.642.943.140.740.342.843.540.941.139.943.2<0.001
SD21.720.019.018.817.419.218.818.218.217.816.618.019.117.615.519.118.717.418.318.418.515.817.516.416.8
Saturated fat (g/d)
Mean17.0016.3215.6915.5114.9215.82−13.8713.62−13.6614.4913.6412.9712.7913.5413.6513.0512.6913.2614.1912.8012.6913.3114.920.001
SD8.767.576.907.176.377.37−6.666.15−6.007.076.956.195.866.616.656.386.506.657.095.556.236.146.54
Cholesterol (mg/d)
Mean275275259258249260260265245243220223244219224217229212209212209206196197206<0.001
SD182161143153144158152159177151133122147132131125142135132129115118110126131
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Mean212.7200.4199.4198.9190.2197.6199.3193.6186.2187.7189.2187.4195.9192.1185.1181.7182.1184.0180.0182.0191.5179.4184.9177.7177.5<0.001
SD122.759.359.259.258.863.360.259.656.357.553.558.260.156.652.053.050.453.451.247.357.444.752.147.141.5
Total dietary fiber (g/d)
Mean−−−−−−9.18.88.58.59.89.09.09.18.78.98.48.78.68.69.08.68.78.811.50.687
SD−−−−−−4.23.84.03.84.34.23.83.93.63.93.53.83.73.13.73.23.43.83.7
Sodium (mg/d)
Mean314129272984295128642880−25362411−245224722558237225172360232722622171221521842097210121532108<0.001
SD158912281406137514701258−12241070−9451105100695010439449939378388888187357911189834
Salt (g/d)
Mean8.07.47.67.57.37.36.66.46.15.96.26.36.56.06.46.05.95.75.55.65.55.35.35.55.4<0.001
SD4.03.13.63.53.73.23.03.12.72.62.42.82.62.42.62.42.52.42.12.32.11.92.03.02.1
Energy from carbohydrate (%energy)
Mean56.256.256.556.756.056.257.457.457.057.357.657.158.258.958.357.357.358.658.557.758.057.858.758.156.40.002
SD7.87.97.97.77.57.57.97.97.67.96.57.98.57.47.07.77.97.98.57.97.47.37.69.07.2
Energy from protein (%energy)
Mean14.914.814.915.215.215.1−14.214.1−14.514.114.013.814.113.914.013.713.913.713.814.113.514.214.40.001
SD2.72.92.73.13.33.1−2.62.6−2.42.82.82.42.82.72.62.62.52.42.52.42.52.62.6
Energy from fat (%energy)
Mean28.929.028.628.128.828.728.628.428.928.627.928.827.827.427.728.828.727.727.528.628.228.127.727.829.20.061
SD6.77.07.16.56.66.36.97.06.87.15.76.97.56.76.26.96.77.17.57.26.56.46.97.66.2
The intake of total dietary fiber has been reported since 2001. The intakes of saturated fat, sodium, and energy from protein in 2001 and 2004 were not described in the respective survey reports.
Table
Table 2. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in young girls aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Table 2. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in young girls aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n501437363386372343401341292257234283245217229225185799177164171633176208130
Energy (kcal/d)
Mean1363142813771363133813261317130712611319132812451270117612071212124212151209118412001237119811841201<0.001
SD437426459391396368416389364349392330393339347339378333356342291333343331332
Protein (g/d)
Mean51.052.751.451.150.250.646.647.244.245.647.444.744.741.942.342.643.542.242.841.042.443.141.342.042.5<0.001
SD18.217.918.716.517.316.316.616.513.913.715.614.216.715.314.614.515.713.714.313.013.113.814.914.213.7
Total fat (g/d)
Mean44.747.346.143.744.043.942.041.840.242.242.539.942.237.338.638.839.637.838.438.037.038.938.437.938.5<0.001
SD20.019.321.317.518.218.017.817.017.015.717.715.718.416.115.714.917.215.215.816.214.115.319.516.115.8
Saturated fat (g/d)
Mean15.3316.0515.6214.9014.6614.80−13.1812.73−13.4312.6013.2311.5812.2012.3612.7612.1412.2211.6211.4112.2011.8312.7613.330.001
SD7.727.517.686.776.516.65−6.026.18−6.695.966.405.585.685.645.875.815.715.975.205.637.006.306.71
Cholesterol (mg/d)
Mean254273267257245255247242222255228225234201202208222198204189203200194191174<0.001
SD147151158149140135148139130144128133143134117127136115120112126122114132115
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Mean187.9196.4188.0190.2184.2180.4184.9182.6177.8185.7185.3173.1174.7165.4169.9170.1174.1173.2169.7166.4170.7175.2168.2165.2167.5<0.001
SD59.961.361.756.656.650.159.655.350.353.155.647.355.846.149.849.152.446.849.846.940.346.240.546.543.4
Total dietary fiber (g/d)
Mean−−−−−−8.68.78.48.39.49.08.38.38.58.78.38.58.38.18.48.68.28.210.60.248
SD−−−−−−3.83.73.43.24.13.73.43.83.74.23.43.43.53.23.33.33.73.43.6
Sodium (mg/d)
Mean273429992847281326792738−25182289−234123192320227722632145223021031973195520592134204619801962<0.001
SD130613561262123511551107−1135998−1004893978977990913888865786761792803860790751
Salt (g/d)
Mean6.97.67.27.16.87.06.26.45.85.75.95.95.95.85.75.45.75.35.05.05.25.45.25.05.0<0.001
SD3.33.43.23.12.92.82.72.92.52.32.62.32.52.52.52.32.32.22.01.92.02.02.22.01.9
Energy from carbohydrate (%energy)
Mean56.255.855.656.555.955.557.657.357.857.757.557.256.858.057.857.657.858.757.857.958.658.558.857.757.7<0.001
SD7.77.27.57.17.67.87.47.37.07.37.77.78.78.28.07.27.67.77.17.27.06.98.68.36.3
Energy from protein (%energy)
Mean15.014.815.015.115.115.3−14.514.1−14.314.414.014.214.014.014.113.914.113.914.013.913.714.214.1<0.001
SD3.02.82.62.73.13.1−2.72.4−2.82.93.02.82.92.82.92.52.52.42.32.32.62.82.3
Energy from fat (%energy)
Mean28.729.429.428.429.129.228.228.228.128.428.228.429.227.928.228.428.127.428.128.227.427.627.528.128.2<0.001
SD6.86.66.86.36.66.56.56.76.46.46.56.67.67.06.86.26.66.86.56.76.26.27.77.26.0
The intake of total dietary fiber has been reported since 2001. The intakes of saturated fat, sodium, and energy from protein in 2001 and 2004 were not described in the respective survey reports.
Table
Table 3. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in boys aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Table 3. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in boys aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n80369064770559760259145247241936542239236737739035212713143203151045267273250
Energy (kcal/d)
Mean21652108212220902078205821962172214821542152208021032065203220402018211120592107208721002132204220470.033
SD580556556530541532663601686567547509555527538511521519546570574549584603551
Protein (g/d)
Mean84.480.881.780.880.679.580.679.077.977.278.376.575.374.172.973.571.876.274.874.774.275.476.373.474.3<0.001
SD25.222.623.824.623.122.427.323.725.022.221.820.621.919.719.921.019.820.322.024.622.020.023.823.720.8
Total fat (g/d)
Mean72.570.272.270.169.568.769.570.368.268.268.468.569.666.166.566.465.768.766.868.069.266.970.667.267.40.005
SD25.925.026.024.224.523.526.526.226.824.924.822.026.122.625.522.222.023.823.125.723.322.225.326.423.4
Saturated fat (g/d)
Mean24.9724.3824.9824.5124.1723.75−22.2321.30−22.2522.3721.9121.1220.9821.1521.1122.1721.2420.6122.1521.3622.0723.1523.270.007
SD9.719.209.619.119.548.63−9.228.63−9.038.458.687.968.497.377.628.437.938.177.997.658.619.429.07
Cholesterol (mg/d)
Mean400386396390382384382390383354366363352354335333333341329332334320317327324<0.001
SD206205200193199201214188218184192173171179170161176186191186162149183179183
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Mean289.1283.7281.9278.9277.5275.9305.4299.2298.6301.0298.4281.8286.1286.0278.0279.1276.9288.8281.7290.4283.9289.9289.5277.5277.20.58
SD84.380.479.176.078.677.293.188.9101.984.777.377.081.278.478.780.279.076.382.381.988.685.783.086.281.6
Total dietary fiber (g/d)
Mean−−−−−−14.814.314.114.014.613.713.913.813.412.913.013.713.413.313.913.414.113.018.10.158
SD−−−−−−5.25.05.24.84.75.55.14.94.94.24.54.64.64.25.24.65.04.45.6
Sodium (mg/d)
Mean470846804609453044774367−40533945−388838853850378737603665373736793583364835833600353234993515<0.001
SD180419052203164615631538−14431703−130813151420131312731241125712201142123812791218111212121143
Salt (g/d)
Mean12.011.911.711.511.411.110.510.310.09.69.99.99.89.69.59.39.59.39.19.39.19.19.08.98.9<0.001
SD4.64.85.64.24.03.94.13.74.33.33.33.33.63.33.23.23.23.12.93.13.23.12.83.12.9
Energy from carbohydrate (%energy)
Mean54.454.854.254.554.554.657.156.457.057.357.155.656.157.056.456.256.456.556.357.055.856.856.056.255.90.11
SD6.66.16.56.66.66.25.96.76.36.66.16.57.36.16.96.76.46.66.96.66.56.26.26.86.3
Energy from protein (%energy)
Mean15.715.415.515.515.615.6−14.614.6−14.614.814.414.514.514.514.414.514.614.214.314.514.314.514.6<0.001
SD2.72.42.62.72.72.5−2.22.2−2.22.42.32.22.42.62.42.32.32.32.42.22.22.52.4
Energy from fat (%energy)
Mean29.929.730.430.029.829.828.228.928.428.328.329.629.528.629.029.229.229.029.128.829.828.729.629.429.50.211
SD6.05.76.15.95.75.65.46.35.75.95.65.76.55.76.36.25.65.96.25.95.95.55.95.85.8
The intake of total dietary fiber has been reported since 2001. The intakes of saturated fat, sodium, and energy from protein in 2001 and 2004 were not described in the respective survey reports.
Table
Table 4. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in girls aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Table 4. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in girls aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n7396686286755355815804644673513763934033373823493681285295300282943245244204
Energy (kcal/d)
Mean19311923190118781874184319131926187719031870190518711794184218171853184418181811182518371903178518200.001
SD564474455446432448497503528427456433466451399417422409422366470387425415455
Protein (g/d)
Mean76.374.474.773.872.872.071.169.969.369.869.170.967.765.468.065.767.066.566.466.365.165.867.665.668.1<0.001
SD22.320.119.520.720.119.220.619.421.317.618.518.917.717.917.517.717.216.016.315.718.915.118.017.917.0
Total fat (g/d)
Mean65.065.866.463.364.163.562.761.961.460.860.264.563.259.560.859.162.561.260.859.459.760.563.159.862.10.001
SD21.522.923.621.622.021.722.922.824.718.721.020.822.021.820.818.920.719.420.418.620.718.520.020.723.3
Saturated fat (g/d)
Mean22.0322.5922.6921.5721.7621.25−19.2118.98−19.3020.4020.2819.1319.2619.2020.2919.4919.5018.7719.1119.2420.0120.3921.130.017
SD8.508.888.538.028.017.73−7.908.00−7.287.128.097.477.406.767.156.797.106.597.496.406.817.628.87
Cholesterol (mg/d)
Mean368370375356358341348358340322331347334318327298315298296301308290306292304<0.001
SD199194193186181172168169184150176187169174166163169144145154168140159154161
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Mean256.9255.3248.3249.7248.2242.5261.1267.1256.5264.0257.7253.7251.6243.2249.9249.2249.0250.4245.2246.7250.1250.6259.1239.2240.20.102
SD98.367.863.365.562.262.569.171.673.464.966.762.969.366.759.162.959.863.462.854.768.459.362.957.361.7
Total dietary fiber (g/d)
Mean−−−−−−13.713.313.313.514.113.112.712.813.012.412.612.912.612.812.612.613.012.216.60.032
SD−−−−−−4.74.74.94.24.84.34.55.24.54.14.54.44.53.74.63.94.93.95.3
Sodium (mg/d)
Mean438543094358431241094097−36233657−363837213558335535623395352633833316329132423249326232453216<0.001
SD181915491616159314271422−12481430−1200122912641177113610951156116510329611233953106110071034
Salt (g/d)
Mean11.110.911.111.010.410.49.79.29.39.39.29.59.08.59.08.69.08.68.48.48.28.38.38.28.2<0.001
SD4.63.94.14.03.63.63.53.23.63.23.03.13.23.02.92.82.93.02.62.43.12.42.72.62.6
Energy from carbohydrate (%energy)
Mean53.954.053.154.153.953.655.956.956.156.656.454.855.255.855.856.455.455.855.556.056.556.156.155.454.60.044
SD6.66.46.36.56.76.36.36.46.55.86.36.66.57.37.36.16.36.56.96.56.46.26.36.96.2
Energy from protein (%energy)
Mean15.915.615.815.815.615.7−14.614.8−14.914.914.614.714.814.514.614.514.714.714.314.514.314.715.10.001
SD2.82.62.62.82.62.6−2.42.4−2.42.32.42.42.62.32.42.32.42.32.12.42.32.22.3
Energy from fat (%energy)
Mean30.230.531.130.130.430.629.128.529.028.728.730.330.229.529.329.130.129.729.829.229.229.429.629.930.20.233
SD5.95.65.96.06.15.75.95.96.05.35.56.16.06.56.45.65.65.96.16.05.75.56.16.16.0
The intake of total dietary fiber has been reported since 2001. The intakes of saturated fat, sodium, and energy from protein in 2001 and 2004 were not described in the respective survey reports.
Table
Table 5. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in adolescent boys aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Table 5. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in adolescent boys aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n500473446416373339358301272239218239201190206193193702175173165559141143130
Energy (kcal/d)
Mean25892489255724392431240725452500253324312452250824402380248125552439250425102367264124252486252725150.889
SD795729814702749671885773792654780732733693757823657673751756730640693730780
Protein (g/d)
Mean99.598.199.494.295.195.391.588.991.285.786.788.487.582.385.586.082.986.185.683.092.685.790.191.488.70.005
SD32.731.335.029.233.530.833.429.330.626.627.928.828.224.428.730.525.325.527.626.729.526.427.835.830.7
Total fat (g/d)
Mean83.380.681.880.779.578.280.079.881.878.077.778.378.273.679.180.174.881.277.077.187.076.679.982.384.40.61
SD35.433.335.032.532.730.635.434.132.329.132.730.033.429.534.036.927.731.630.329.832.327.130.433.434.2
Saturated fat (g/d)
Mean27.1126.4726.2926.3226.5425.61−22.3022.76−22.1721.9122.2421.0822.5322.8521.2322.8721.4521.4024.5521.9421.9124.9226.310.018
SD12.7812.6012.6111.9512.7411.53−11.3110.04−11.1310.0111.298.9311.1812.109.3810.059.589.6210.959.1510.1110.2712.30
Cholesterol (mg/d)
Mean4905014854764794874634604904334364494674204424394224344074374584314524544740.003
SD263256274251250270236232273195251213246217244240227211213227230212229280284
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Mean352.2335.2347.6326.1328.0322.7352.1344.8345.3334.8339.8349.4333.6334.4344.5358.8346.1344.3355.2322.6358.6334.6338.2340.9335.20.827
SD115.6105.3115.0105.2109.096.3130.8117.3115.195.3122.6112.8109.6108.3111.3120.2106.6103.9117.3118.5115.699.4108.399.7113.1
Total dietary fiber (g/d)
Mean−−−−−−14.413.714.113.414.214.313.713.613.813.713.514.113.913.515.413.513.914.420.00.581
SD−−−−−−6.25.95.95.56.16.05.45.86.35.65.55.36.06.26.75.26.06.27.0
Sodium (mg/d)
Mean561852345462508550655088−46504750−453345214614430343934509427943164297416044274077406243044080<0.001
SD311621162403208320812045−17921815−165417201692149116581772162015881734149617421401139717011385
Salt (g/d)
Mean14.313.313.912.912.912.912.211.812.111.411.511.511.710.911.211.510.911.010.910.611.210.410.310.910.4<0.001
SD7.95.46.15.35.35.25.04.64.64.24.24.44.33.84.24.54.14.04.43.84.43.63.54.33.5
Energy from carbohydrate (%energy)
Mean55.955.356.054.955.255.357.457.256.757.357.457.857.158.557.758.858.857.258.656.556.257.456.656.556.00.057
SD7.97.67.78.38.27.47.38.27.97.08.47.58.27.87.58.17.87.87.37.89.37.38.17.98.5
Energy from protein (%energy)
Mean15.616.015.715.615.715.8−14.314.5−14.414.214.514.013.913.613.713.913.814.214.114.314.614.414.20.003
SD3.33.13.22.82.82.8−2.63.0−2.93.03.02.62.82.62.52.52.62.42.92.93.22.62.6
Energy from fat (%energy)
Mean28.528.728.329.529.128.828.028.428.928.528.228.028.427.528.427.727.528.927.629.329.728.328.829.129.80.559
SD6.86.66.87.47.16.76.47.36.66.37.56.46.96.96.87.46.77.06.96.97.86.07.06.87.2
The intake of total dietary fiber has been reported since 2001. The intakes of saturated fat, sodium, and energy from protein in 2001 and 2004 were not described in the respective survey reports.
Table
Table 6. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in adolescent girls aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Table 6. Trends in energy and nutrient intakes in adolescent girls aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n440438418411372369330314291196211219192170197193187599162182169491142134119
Energy (kcal/d)
Mean19431906188519051900188419181858187818991916185218731780179018291820182818031776185417731885182018960.002
SD556562496491549509559512517518512480541433516447501477497474460486537418464
Protein (g/d)
Mean78.974.774.573.974.972.272.468.669.572.572.069.668.364.365.665.765.866.566.362.767.564.867.667.471.8<0.001
SD25.824.423.621.524.622.024.421.421.623.322.020.922.417.320.820.220.519.921.319.319.919.820.119.021.9
Total fat (g/d)
Mean65.262.961.963.763.265.163.361.563.963.464.960.865.457.860.563.061.862.362.759.064.661.466.462.967.70.709
SD26.227.323.424.225.824.626.824.124.724.523.622.426.321.323.622.823.824.023.522.924.623.226.320.627.2
Saturated fat (g/d)
Mean20.3919.9019.0520.1520.1420.70−16.7118.07−17.9717.1718.3216.1417.2518.0417.9717.9417.8816.5618.0017.3319.5519.1720.980.158
SD9.399.448.048.669.319.03−7.558.53−7.567.979.267.717.908.017.987.918.187.708.077.189.397.6210.50
Cholesterol (mg/d)
Mean431402403389400403393397385382398398382363359366349351349344374351363372381<0.001
SD219227219216215225205195225205198201184169173191179184196172205179167188196
Carbohydrate (g/d)
Mean257.0256.6254.2255.0253.5247.5257.5250.5249.0251.5253.9249.3245.4243.4238.0241.4242.8242.8236.2242.1242.7232.5246.3237.3241.4<0.001
SD79.379.373.872.379.074.175.572.877.675.077.173.272.666.675.467.672.467.376.167.767.468.374.862.556.6
Total dietary fiber (g/d)
Mean−−−−−−13.111.912.212.013.713.012.612.411.811.712.412.311.912.112.211.312.112.117.00.439
SD−−−−−−5.75.15.75.16.36.05.55.24.65.25.45.15.05.04.14.84.94.95.6
Sodium (mg/d)
Mean460645574545447743794203−38383955−389637703727370836173532367835613419334934953283339334493451<0.001
SD211620872573182017001713−15381495−149612461363132714101181135912131308122412821194115310601128
Salt (g/d)
Mean11.711.611.511.411.110.710.69.710.09.79.99.69.59.49.29.09.39.08.78.58.98.38.68.88.8<0.001
SD5.45.36.54.64.34.44.33.93.83.63.83.23.53.43.63.03.53.13.33.13.33.02.92.72.9
Energy from carbohydrate (%energy)
Mean54.055.154.954.654.653.855.755.754.954.854.555.554.556.455.154.855.155.054.056.454.354.454.354.153.60.271
SD7.88.38.17.48.37.77.57.98.87.98.17.87.67.57.58.57.87.58.27.48.47.17.67.88.1
Energy from protein (%energy)
Mean16.315.815.915.615.915.4−14.814.8−15.115.214.714.614.814.414.614.614.914.214.714.814.515.015.20.002
SD3.33.13.23.03.32.8−2.82.7−2.93.22.73.03.03.02.72.73.42.73.13.02.93.23.1
Energy from fat (%energy)
Mean29.729.229.229.829.530.829.129.530.229.830.329.330.829.030.030.830.330.431.129.531.030.831.230.931.30.001
SD6.97.17.26.87.36.96.57.17.97.16.96.86.66.86.47.76.96.97.16.67.46.26.76.57.4
The intake of total dietary fiber has been reported since 2001. The intakes of saturated fat, sodium, and energy from protein in 2001 and 2004 were not described in the respective survey reports.
Table
Table 7. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in young boys aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Table 7. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in young boys aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n490448381475377361396346347263229276243204238236209846197181182611197181105
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (IU/μgRAE) *
Mean186918321653185319501891745659677680455512419432411413383404412424418397445401356<0.001
SD161614061010230126391494591468941406327742338326273446256289272364315330609308198
Thiamin (mg)
Mean0.870.800.790.790.780.830.660.630.600.610.630.630.610.600.610.600.650.570.580.570.600.580.540.590.68<0.001
SD0.750.350.330.320.410.570.280.260.240.230.260.440.260.230.330.291.250.250.240.250.240.230.210.220.29
Riboflavin (mg)
Mean1.271.191.161.161.161.220.950.950.910.920.920.910.910.830.850.850.860.840.830.800.890.820.840.790.85<0.001
SD0.840.500.460.470.580.650.410.420.430.410.420.500.410.330.370.400.410.380.410.360.430.350.470.330.33
Niacin Equivalent (mgNE)
Mean−−−−−−16.416.215.615.816.616.016.415.415.415.515.315.015.015.115.415.314.917.918.60.182
SD−−−−−−6.46.75.85.86.76.56.65.55.46.55.85.55.65.85.75.15.96.67.3
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Mean−−−−−−0.760.760.730.760.810.750.740.710.730.720.710.700.680.720.740.730.700.740.770.12
SD−−−−−−0.320.340.450.460.680.480.340.270.300.310.290.360.260.280.320.280.300.300.29
Vitamin B12 (µg)
Mean−−−−−−4.24.64.84.14.44.34.23.53.73.63.53.32.93.13.33.53.33.54.40.009
SD−−−−−−3.74.46.83.44.35.94.43.34.54.23.43.52.22.83.03.13.23.68.7
Folate (µg)
Mean−−−−−−1801731751701801741621661611581501591511591551561541581590.001
SD−−−−−−9076128727910875666468606765636263786858
Pantothenic acid (mg)
Mean−−−−−−4.544.434.254.284.404.274.234.104.064.064.074.033.933.964.183.963.954.064.260.003
SD−−−−−−1.721.681.801.561.621.591.651.401.391.471.441.451.551.311.591.321.471.471.42
Vitamin C (mg)
Mean93968683908063596258675455545958545553545453485656<0.001
SD971281059193104413754381093854355342574139383535333934
Vitamin D (µg)
Mean−−−−−−4.44.64.44.44.84.23.73.44.54.34.74.23.84.34.63.93.94.44.10.118
SD−−−−−−4.85.05.04.26.35.34.03.55.64.65.84.94.04.95.63.94.55.25.1
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (mg)
Mean−−−−−−5.95.85.85.64.84.84.94.74.34.54.34.34.14.44.54.44.34.44.20.001
SD−−−−−−2.72.72.72.52.32.22.32.32.12.32.02.22.01.92.02.02.12.21.6
Vitamin K (µg)
Mean−−−−−−1451441401431431361311341251211221251241201351251191371320.009
SD−−−−−−13712412612912310411511390911011061068810693106130105
Potassium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−16991669159016221704157715711531150615211492149714501488157514891429151415880.004
SD−−−−−−695707609644644603612526498588546567540520594512546585497
Calcium (mg)
Mean570531509526508536506517483496523486456437439446437439421415468421417413446<0.001
SD339241231275236275251251232255228253223211224217202232224207246202209208207
Magnesium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1681691581621721571581541511501491481461471561481451591580.017
SD−−−−−−66665965646157544956545653475846517650
Phosphorus (mg)
Mean−−−−−−7847837357447767437447137077107056956816817336926786967280.001
SD−−−−−−296294278288280274271237248268254255261240275229255254249
Iron (mg)
Mean8.07.47.37.47.47.55.15.14.95.05.14.94.94.74.74.64.54.44.34.34.44.44.44.34.5<0.001
SD4.92.82.73.13.53.62.22.42.62.52.12.31.91.71.72.01.91.91.81.41.71.61.81.61.5
Zinc (mg)
Mean−−−−−−5.95.95.65.75.85.75.85.65.55.55.55.45.45.35.65.55.45.45.70.005
SD−−−−−−2.12.12.12.02.01.92.11.71.91.91.81.81.91.61.81.61.71.81.8
Copper (mg)
Mean−−−−−−0.770.770.730.740.780.730.750.730.720.700.680.700.680.690.720.690.710.700.710.002
SD−−−−−−0.270.280.280.260.300.260.270.240.240.240.220.240.240.210.250.210.250.240.21
* Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake. The intakes of niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper have been reported since 2001.
Table
Table 8. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in young girls aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Table 8. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in young girls aged 1–6 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019P Trend
n501437363386372343401341292257234283245217229225185799177164171633176208130
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (IU/μgRAE) *
Mean177317951799162616821830679668636672446420407381376406411403355371413391456354345<0.001
SD182215651947127911431759439500425403438368406269239360388258219320346288765253391
Thiamin (mg)
Mean0.750.810.770.760.750.770.640.630.590.620.660.590.580.550.560.570.560.550.550.520.540.560.510.570.62<0.001
SD0.320.470.370.310.320.440.290.280.220.260.760.240.240.260.250.260.260.220.210.200.220.210.260.250.31
Riboflavin (mg)
Mean1.121.171.151.141.091.130.910.910.870.900.910.850.820.770.790.820.820.790.800.720.770.790.760.750.76<0.001
SD0.490.530.510.480.440.550.380.360.390.340.690.380.370.360.400.390.360.350.390.260.320.340.410.330.36
Niacin Equivalent (mgNE)
Mean−−−−−−15.415.914.715.016.515.115.014.314.514.314.314.414.313.714.214.614.016.216.90.178
SD−−−−−−6.16.05.34.96.85.46.16.25.75.76.15.24.94.94.95.45.85.86.3
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Mean−−−−−−0.700.730.710.710.840.700.670.660.720.710.660.670.670.630.670.690.640.670.690.013
SD−−−−−−0.300.300.460.270.710.270.260.330.510.510.280.310.270.250.260.270.280.260.28
Vitamin B12 (µg)
Mean−−−−−−4.14.03.93.94.63.63.43.73.53.03.12.92.92.92.72.93.02.62.7<0.001
SD−−−−−−3.63.74.13.34.73.93.54.24.63.33.12.52.63.22.42.53.02.02.9
Folate (µg)
Mean−−−−−−170172167168177171158157155154149155148151153151149149148<0.001
SD−−−−−−81827269907369716468656064616961826267
Pantothenic acid (mg)
Mean−−−−−−4.194.264.044.254.233.993.823.643.763.813.803.853.943.643.803.843.633.793.830.006
SD−−−−−−1.611.551.341.341.481.371.411.431.281.391.391.351.451.121.231.311.331.281.36
Vitamin C (mg)
Mean82919689808761636460646155526352575649565252465249<0.001
SD81103149978310145425443487147378041803935423634343432
Vitamin D (µg)
Mean−−−−−−4.44.43.54.14.64.43.54.04.23.84.04.23.93.14.23.63.73.93.40.03
SD−−−−−−4.26.03.64.15.75.53.64.55.54.34.85.14.42.95.33.74.25.23.7
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (mg)
Mean−−−−−−5.55.55.35.74.64.74.54.24.24.54.44.24.04.04.04.13.93.73.8<0.001
SD−−−−−−2.62.42.32.52.02.12.22.21.91.92.31.91.91.81.71.92.01.71.8
Vitamin K (µg)
Mean−−−−−−1421461401341361421151171201181141251131221291301121321280.03
SD−−−−−−13113711511610311282106958484968193989793101105
Potassium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−16021626153815791609155614551388145714471421145014421327141814411326141814350.001
SD−−−−−−626613545511565524529528551551508547554448483491554508519
Calcium (mg)
Mean505515512500493485488481465468461452421396414433422404413387401398369381391<0.001
SD267240255213221238218206224202214233210186199230189190217167179184200199205
Magnesium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1611611541541611561441421421451411411401361401461331491430.004
SD−−−−−−61565449565650565459484852474447515449
Phosphorus (mg)
Mean−−−−−−748741701716734699683643654669672658659624649657622635650<0.001
SD−−−−−−273254243229250235251240236246247231241195214217237224230
Iron (mg)
Mean7.17.47.37.17.06.94.74.94.64.74.94.84.54.54.54.44.44.14.14.24.14.34.14.14.0<0.001
SD2.93.12.92.62.52.82.01.91.71.72.02.01.82.42.02.01.81.61.71.61.41.61.91.51.5
Zinc (mg)
Mean−−−−−−5.55.65.35.55.75.45.45.05.05.15.25.15.25.05.25.35.15.25.20.012
SD−−−−−−2.02.01.81.71.91.82.01.81.71.71.81.61.71.71.61.72.01.61.7
Copper (mg)
Mean−−−−−−0.730.750.700.720.750.740.670.660.660.660.660.660.650.650.650.690.650.660.660.001
SD−−−−−−0.270.280.240.220.260.330.230.240.220.240.220.220.220.210.180.220.220.210.20
* Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake. The intakes of niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper have been reported since 2001.
Table
Table 9. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in boys aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Table 9. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in boys aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n80369064770559760259145247241936542239236737739035212713143203151045267273250
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (IU/μgRAE) *
Mean293626542908270326102521105111091004987860668618642581550558585542533598601542521532<0.001
SD2690228731372515140315316758955976001583681413828335347334309280327443780275349363
Thiamin (mg)
Mean1.381.261.281.241.261.271.091.101.121.121.021.271.280.990.981.491.020.970.930.930.950.950.980.971.06<0.001
SD1.080.580.510.490.490.710.420.400.800.710.422.322.470.390.409.370.500.400.330.380.400.360.400.410.50
Riboflavin (mg)
Mean1.761.651.661.621.641.631.481.481.601.521.441.431.381.391.311.781.321.391.291.281.341.321.381.251.30<0.001
SD1.110.570.590.530.560.660.560.521.751.200.580.570.580.580.518.880.480.520.460.460.470.470.550.400.42
Niacin Equivalent (mgNE)
Mean−−−−−−26.126.025.625.526.225.525.525.124.925.223.825.825.325.124.925.626.028.729.80.941
SD−−−−−−9.58.79.69.38.48.88.97.77.99.37.88.18.59.19.18.39.110.710.1
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.191.171.591.231.191.141.121.211.141.181.051.131.081.051.081.101.121.081.120.002
SD−−−−−−0.450.415.351.040.430.510.530.830.681.300.420.520.360.390.420.380.410.370.42
Vitamin B12 (µg)
Mean−−−−−−6.76.46.46.06.96.36.06.06.05.55.15.55.25.35.25.65.05.05.9<0.001
SD−−−−−−6.56.05.84.47.65.55.55.65.25.13.84.84.34.94.55.13.83.87.3
Folate (µg)
Mean−−−−−−2802772732612872532462512382312282482322372452362432362370.002
SD−−−−−−121121113931851159211986848089788096108899486
Pantothenic acid (mg)
Mean−−−−−−6.936.826.646.626.796.556.396.346.096.136.046.566.426.226.366.426.556.266.400.02
SD−−−−−−2.422.102.111.972.201.821.931.751.651.711.641.831.821.742.021.852.111.821.87
Vitamin C (mg)
Mean14013413611212311985848989957783848880837568656766716769<0.001
SD123152140951021054758829914063104861141181794942454547443847
Vitamin D (µg)
Mean−−−−−−6.05.86.15.46.16.15.76.76.06.45.56.66.25.56.07.16.05.45.60.74
SD−−−−−−6.36.37.66.17.16.96.76.45.66.74.77.16.86.05.87.86.57.36.0
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (mg)
Mean−−−−−−8.78.58.69.17.06.96.76.86.56.66.36.66.16.36.56.16.65.96.0<0.001
SD−−−−−−3.73.55.67.93.03.23.13.52.93.62.72.82.52.42.72.63.02.62.5
Vitamin K (µg)
Mean−−−−−−2312132101931891971951791801831802001872022021962081891960.489
SD−−−−−−193160176143115146137117118128127140126123145128148135127
Potassium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−26362545249024722496239623562309226622212165233522592188229722572338226723070.004
SD−−−−−−911825792760744699756665701683628670620636778650698662653
Calcium (mg)
Mean7337057057107066867867707447647607527116936706736777046676406896786986686760.002
SD311258287269276257314305278308306286286252264267251258246230254245265254238
Magnesium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−2702622552552572432382372282262202392302272362322412502360.017
SD−−−−−−90838276717575656468636965657864769364
Phosphorus (mg)
Mean−−−−−−12421217117611831195118011401127109511041081115611201097112511291147110611280.01
SD−−−−−−422367356352344328327292294310294305318323327303340329314
Iron (mg)
Mean11.510.710.810.410.510.77.77.511.37.27.77.37.37.47.07.06.87.06.96.86.96.97.06.56.7<0.001
SD6.03.63.53.33.14.12.92.874.12.42.92.72.72.52.42.62.62.32.22.32.42.42.42.12.0
Zinc (mg)
Mean−−−−−−9.79.79.59.49.89.29.39.08.98.98.99.39.29.39.29.29.59.19.30.079
SD−−−−−−3.33.23.22.83.22.53.02.82.72.62.62.73.03.12.92.63.33.03.0
Copper (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.281.251.201.211.231.131.131.141.091.101.071.151.121.121.121.131.161.101.110.008
SD−−−−−−0.480.420.410.370.350.350.350.330.310.320.330.350.330.310.370.350.370.340.33
* Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake. The intakes of niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper have been reported since 2001.
Table
Table 10. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in girls aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Table 10. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in girls aged 7–14 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n739 668 628 675 535 581 580 464 467 351 376 393 403 337 382 349 368 1285 295 300 282 943 245 244 204
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (IU/μgRAE) *
Mean2659 2586 2670 2562 2498 2450 970 980 945 908 709 604 606 532 582 571 548 532 534 514 524 519 512 479 491 <0.001
SD1963 1872 3160 2755 1660 1366 542 541 507 457 605 561 546 427 440 667 321 295 332 278 368 639 293 260 255
Thiamin (mg)
Mean1.22 1.19 1.15 1.14 1.16 1.14 1.01 0.96 0.95 0.98 0.90 1.19 1.19 0.85 1.05 0.89 0.96 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.84 0.87 0.86 0.88 0.94 <0.001
SD0.64 0.54 0.41 0.44 0.52 0.51 0.42 0.34 0.41 0.36 0.57 2.50 2.53 0.31 1.50 0.33 0.55 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.40
Riboflavin (mg)
Mean1.57 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.49 1.45 1.32 1.31 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.29 1.33 1.22 1.29 1.22 1.25 1.21 1.13 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.24 1.12 1.18 <0.001
SD0.61 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.49 0.45 0.45 0.58 0.95 0.61 1.59 0.52 1.09 0.57 0.51 0.46 0.35 0.41 0.43 0.43 0.39 0.34 0.35
Niacin Equivalent (mgNE)
Mean−−−−−−23.3 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6 24.1 22.8 22.0 23.5 22.4 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.3 21.8 22.2 22.9 25.5 27.4 0.456
SD−−−−−−7.3 7.3 8.2 7.5 8.0 8.5 7.1 7.1 8.3 7.8 7.1 6.2 7.0 6.8 7.2 6.5 8.2 8.0 7.9
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.06 1.05 1.07 1.15 1.23 1.08 1.12 1.02 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.04 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.97 1.03 0.002
SD−−−−−−0.36 0.35 0.46 1.03 2.63 0.64 2.14 0.68 0.80 0.93 0.61 0.64 0.33 0.29 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.32
Vitamin B12 (µg)
Mean−−−−−−5.7 5.6 6.1 5.4 6.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.4 4.9 5.8 0.021
SD−−−−−−4.7 4.4 5.2 4.5 5.7 7.0 5.3 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.3 8.0
Folate (µg)
Mean−−−−−−259 255 255 245 265 250 236 227 237 228 224 229 222 228 226 218 226 218 230 0.001
SD−−−−−−97 98 94 76 108 127 97 95 88 103 77 78 77 70 90 93 86 74 76
Pantothenic acid (mg)
Mean−−−−−−5.99 6.06 5.82 5.96 5.99 5.97 5.80 5.60 5.72 5.62 5.59 5.70 5.60 5.63 5.61 5.59 5.81 5.57 5.83 0.007
SD−−−−−−1.83 1.91 1.76 1.58 1.62 1.70 1.68 1.64 1.56 1.64 1.48 1.50 1.45 1.34 1.70 1.47 1.52 1.49 1.55
Vitamin C (mg)
Mean132 126 122 119 119 114 85 81 90 87 99 80 79 79 106 78 76 74 69 72 69 68 69 64 66 <0.001
SD133 95 89 109 117 82 60 50 84 82 146 67 85 81 199 103 90 62 46 45 53 38 48 41 35
Vitamin D (µg)
Mean−−−−−−5.7 5.6 6.1 5.5 5.4 6.6 4.8 6.3 6.2 5.5 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.9 5.4 5.2 5.8 0.305
SD−−−−−−6.0 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.7 7.9 5.9 6.3 6.8 5.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.3 6.4 5.2 5.6 6.7
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (mg)
Mean−−−−−−8.1 7.9 7.9 7.7 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.2 6.9 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.5 5.9 <0.001
SD−−−−−−3.2 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.8 15.0 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.2 2.3
Vitamin K (µg)
Mean−−−−−−202 190 213 183 189 188 174 164 173 165 174 183 175 176 175 162 166 172 204 0.05
SD−−−−−−144 151 164 124 120 117 112 117 108 106 114 117 128 112 120 99 108 115 141
Potassium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−2347 2300 2261 2283 2314 2224 2145 2056 2146 2056 2077 2106 2047 2078 2057 2050 2100 2046 2133 0.001
SD−−−−−−750 736 716 655 701 631 701 715 622 612 597 620 566 539 688 594 617 583 565
Calcium (mg)
Mean674 665 671 640 639 625 686 671 650 688 665 669 623 614 625 617 641 620 607 609 620 610 646 603 594 <0.001
SD265 252 246 245 241 229 267 256 268 251 223 245 232 233 245 222 230 207 206 197 226 214 206 219 198
Magnesium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−241 235 232 236 236 224 216 210 216 207 211 215 211 212 208 209 214 223 214 0.006
SD−−−−−−74 72 71 63 65 63 66 70 61 59 60 62 61 50 67 58 64 70 57
Phosphorus (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1089 1073 1045 1079 1058 1078 1033 995 1034 1001 1023 1012 1007 1007 1002 996 1023 987 1014 0.002
SD−−−−−−338 312 317 289 277 288 282 281 271 261 272 244 256 234 291 246 249 259 245
Iron (mg)
Mean10.3 10.2 10.1 9.9 9.8 9.8 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.9 7.0 6.6 6.5 6.9 6.4 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.5 6.1 6.3 <0.001
SD3.5 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.3 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.0
Zinc (mg)
Mean−−−−−−8.4 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.4 8.2 7.8 8.2 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.3 8.0 8.3 0.013
SD−−−−−−2.5 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.4
Copper (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.12 1.12 1.07 1.10 1.10 1.06 1.03 1.01 1.02 0.99 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.03 0.98 1.00 0.001
SD−−−−−−0.36 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.47 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.25 0.32 0.27 0.30 0.28 0.30
* Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake. The intakes of niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper have been reported since 2001.
Table
Table 11. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in adolescent boys aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Table 11. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in adolescent boys aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n500473446416373339358301272239218239201190206193193702175173165559141143130
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (IU/μgRAE) *
Mean311630883187271133672725978927980938630576805724550563568597563535605542574539529<0.001
SD42692999409822066364213410087191022112970042219261729546753426534680622390512668534752
Thiamin (mg)
Mean1.551.531.561.461.501.451.151.131.221.161.181.411.421.111.201.591.181.151.081.031.251.121.141.261.170.007
SD0.680.710.760.680.760.730.550.511.040.700.581.912.240.580.936.201.560.600.520.430.580.570.550.620.59
Riboflavin (mg)
Mean1.761.741.761.661.801.721.451.441.571.701.421.531.751.321.431.421.501.371.251.261.421.241.341.341.32<0.001
SD0.760.740.800.700.930.840.680.620.952.710.741.493.060.600.881.172.230.660.590.550.610.510.620.590.58
Niacin Equivalent (mgNE)
Mean−−−−−−31.030.831.729.730.430.431.128.829.929.528.730.030.128.233.030.031.437.636.70.487
SD−−−−−−11.611.011.710.310.711.211.39.412.311.49.89.910.89.611.411.010.916.015.2
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.291.251.361.461.291.641.681.231.361.411.451.291.211.111.331.231.271.361.310.296
SD−−−−−−0.540.470.871.880.752.343.340.541.041.633.060.800.480.430.500.450.500.600.63
Vitamin B12 (µg)
Mean−−−−−−8.17.68.46.66.96.67.56.46.25.25.15.95.55.45.55.56.25.64.90.001
SD−−−−−−9.86.58.56.56.65.39.78.48.15.84.15.75.04.84.55.06.34.73.9
Folate (µg)
Mean−−−−−−3032863032822792772902742792612572732612572962522752762600.006
SD−−−−−−175128161154142119215207131145111116110120123111129117114
Pantothenic acid (mg)
Mean−−−−−−7.076.927.166.726.606.706.786.316.596.636.396.706.436.267.216.476.816.936.850.572
SD−−−−−−2.872.512.782.412.472.412.602.412.352.612.232.182.222.342.442.182.422.552.49
Vitamin C (mg)
Mean16414814513914813689858811210011210888110121868672688971808075<0.001
SD178150188158221162706168150137214216126188246856845476346554754
Vitamin D (µg)
Mean−−−−−−8.47.88.27.37.37.96.66.67.16.16.46.86.96.46.97.37.26.95.90.011
SD−−−−−−9.37.78.58.68.110.07.07.89.87.37.47.97.97.17.58.17.78.67.1
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (mg)
Mean−−−−−−10.19.610.19.78.29.39.37.68.07.97.27.87.07.08.26.97.37.27.30.001
SD−−−−−−4.74.34.44.33.712.922.54.23.84.73.03.63.33.53.63.03.43.53.3
Vitamin K (µg)
Mean−−−−−−2542362402062332402292052122042012151962172692102452282370.648
SD−−−−−−179187190144190164165139149140139134128146183130189141180
Potassium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−25302460255923762387238323292223236722572244232822252136250622192301243722800.032
SD−−−−−−10549391037891928898848908972947879841805844922788884991894
Calcium (mg)
Mean631639640613666616633621642620597592578517572531565550502536578508528523504<0.001
SD349330348330387369364372400334351344375257323300319276256378350264300276274
Magnesium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−2752652692532532592482392522452412502402372662422442782390.051
SD−−−−−−10310110582909582829495868181100105808511785
Phosphorus (mg)
Mean−−−−−−12791242127412041190119911921117118711621148117311401116125811441184120211810.035
SD−−−−−−508453463408416415409356427451390361379401427366410444414
Iron (mg)
Mean13.312.813.112.312.512.78.68.59.48.08.28.58.47.98.17.97.88.27.88.08.67.88.18.37.9<0.001
SD5.14.65.04.25.04.93.53.613.12.73.13.23.23.13.32.92.93.12.84.43.12.62.73.42.9
Zinc (mg)
Mean−−−−−−11.211.111.410.510.811.211.010.410.810.910.510.810.710.611.610.810.911.611.40.789
SD−−−−−−4.53.94.23.63.93.64.23.44.03.83.43.53.64.14.03.23.44.54.1
Copper (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.471.401.401.321.361.381.321.301.361.361.301.331.351.271.411.301.341.341.290.03
SD−−−−−−0.700.490.480.420.480.440.440.400.510.540.400.410.490.500.460.400.470.450.42
* Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake. The intakes of niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper have been reported since 2001.
Table
Table 12. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in adolescent girls aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Table 12. Trends in vitamin and mineral intakes in adolescent girls aged 15–19 years in 1995–2019.
Variables1995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019p Trend
n440438418411372369330314291196211219192170197193187599162182169491142134119
Vitamin A (retinol equivalent) (IU/μgRAE) *
Mean280725472334233824822245875843857840538538561691476494467491451455416450487420446<0.001
SD2712289517901799374217266446767899934194534981643388665344363317338238350428255292
Thiamin (mg)
Mean1.231.181.151.111.191.150.910.841.111.400.910.880.950.810.861.020.960.870.830.760.830.830.850.910.980.001
SD0.800.600.510.450.580.860.390.342.724.100.510.420.670.330.521.630.830.470.390.280.320.320.370.360.41
Riboflavin (mg)
Mean1.481.351.311.331.371.351.181.131.561.561.201.171.271.111.241.221.231.101.051.061.071.021.151.021.11<0.001
SD0.830.540.530.530.620.870.490.463.643.190.660.600.760.512.241.281.140.510.450.440.440.400.520.380.40
Niacin Equivalent (mgNE)
Mean−−−−−−25.023.924.325.825.424.324.722.823.222.722.923.423.321.824.123.123.127.030.10.466
SD−−−−−−9.88.48.69.09.18.59.37.67.88.38.37.98.37.48.08.17.59.211.1
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.070.991.281.461.171.081.161.031.751.221.061.031.000.931.000.950.971.001.090.036
SD−−−−−−0.440.402.663.170.790.940.910.547.742.220.910.540.380.340.360.370.370.370.41
Vitamin B12 (µg)
Mean−−−−−−6.46.26.35.85.85.55.25.84.94.74.14.74.24.74.74.23.73.94.4<0.001
SD−−−−−−6.46.66.45.05.85.95.07.54.75.63.54.83.95.24.14.12.83.94.0
Folate (µg)
Mean−−−−−−2682492642582712702492592332372362392292372342282352372450.003
SD−−−−−−135118144125111133981779012698969810189971129993
Pantothenic acid (mg)
Mean−−−−−−5.605.325.405.565.525.405.345.125.035.055.145.235.105.075.194.975.305.195.600.074
SD−−−−−−2.041.911.951.951.721.711.781.661.571.771.691.741.701.631.681.621.821.621.76
Vitamin C (mg)
Mean1371211221181231159178881001009891858493797870746969686781<0.001
SD128981101191211216764831291081111038589135795557504249404249
Vitamin D (µg)
Mean−−−−−−8.17.27.27.16.76.16.17.25.75.34.86.06.05.56.15.75.04.15.3<0.001
SD−−−−−−9.08.07.88.47.77.27.78.47.26.65.37.47.16.76.47.66.45.26.3
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) (mg)
Mean−−−−−−8.78.08.38.67.47.06.96.36.66.57.96.36.16.26.75.96.36.16.60.001
SD−−−−−−3.83.44.13.83.43.13.02.82.93.122.22.72.53.02.92.63.32.53.1
Vitamin K (µg)
Mean−−−−−−2372062162002122141971751921892042011921881931901912132150.143
SD−−−−−−191167197163137159137113119146130136145141138139139132153
Potassium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−22051991202920852132205120521930188618611935195118501876190517821919193420600.019
SD−−−−−−873788799782798771765696682711731719677682634664693808703
Calcium (mg)
Mean545512488502498477516487518498496503493443447452496456431447434426462424454<0.001
SD282248236235262263280266321265240274257210255246261237207232227215249221210
Magnesium (mg)
Mean−−−−−−2312132172182212152162061981962032031972002051892012212130.028
SD−−−−−−82817975757583676768697065697365739265
Phosphorus (mg)
Mean−−−−−−102096798110009939749559099069129199278988839278889339039850.014
SD−−−−−−373333319328306318322262297300299300275276296290292272303
Iron (mg)
Mean11.210.610.510.310.410.17.47.17.37.27.47.27.27.17.26.77.06.76.86.67.06.56.76.77.0<0.001
SD4.94.13.73.43.94.92.82.72.92.72.52.53.13.07.82.42.82.22.52.32.42.32.52.22.2
Zinc (mg)
Mean−−−−−−8.48.18.38.58.88.58.27.88.08.07.98.18.17.68.27.88.38.38.60.346
SD−−−−−−2.92.63.02.83.22.72.72.32.72.42.42.62.72.32.52.52.92.42.8
Copper (mg)
Mean−−−−−−1.131.061.101.091.101.121.031.021.031.041.031.011.001.021.060.971.031.031.050.012
SD−−−−−−0.410.370.530.350.370.500.330.290.320.380.330.310.320.320.300.320.360.270.31
* Prior to 2000, International Unit (IU) was used as the unit of vitamin A intake. The intakes of niacin equivalent, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, pantothenic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and copper have been reported since 2001.
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Shinsugi, C.; Takimoto, H. Trends in Mean Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1995–2019. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153297

AMA Style

Shinsugi C, Takimoto H. Trends in Mean Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1995–2019. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153297

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shinsugi, Chisa, and Hidemi Takimoto. 2023. "Trends in Mean Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1995–2019" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153297

APA Style

Shinsugi, C., & Takimoto, H. (2023). Trends in Mean Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1995–2019. Nutrients, 15(15), 3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153297

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