Dietary Implications of the Bidirectional Relationship between the Gut Microflora and Inflammatory Diseases with Special Emphasis on Irritable Bowel Disease: Current and Future Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Healthy Bacteria of the Gut
1.2. Fatty Acids and Gut Health
1.2.1. Composition of Fatty Acids
1.2.2. Composition of Gut Microbial Flora
1.3. Association between Common Inflammatory Diseases and Gut Microbiota with Reference to Diet
1.3.1. Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR)
1.3.2. Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
1.3.3. Vasculitis
1.3.4. Sarcopenia
1.3.5. Cirrhosis
1.3.6. Cancer
1.3.7. Fibromyalgia
1.3.8. Alzheimer’s Disease
1.3.9. Parkinson’s Disease
1.3.10. Arthritis
1.3.11. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
1.4. Association between Rare Inflammatory Diseases and Gut Microbiota with Reference to Diet
1.4.1. Sarcoidosis
1.4.2. Psoriasis
1.4.3. Lupus
1.5. Key Transcriptional Factors
1.5.1. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)
1.5.2. Liver X Receptors (LXRs)
1.5.3. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR)
1.5.4. Intestinal Krüppel-Like Factors (KLFs)
1.6. Molecular Mechanism
1.6.1. Regulation of Lipid Metabolism Genes
1.6.2. Modulation of Inflammatory Responses
1.6.3. Control of Bile Acid Homeostasis
1.6.4. Crosstalk with Intestinal Epithelial Cells
1.6.5. Lacatse Gene
Expression for LCT Gene
1.7. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
1.7.1. Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators
1.7.2. Modulation of Inflammatory Signaling Pathways
1.7.3. Resolution of Inflammation
1.7.4. Regulation of Immune Cell Function
1.7.5. Preservation of Cellular Membrane Integrity
2. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Common Inflammatory Diseases | Beneficial Diet | Harmful Diet | Changes in Gut Microbial Flora due to Harmful Diet | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
PMR | Vitamin D, plant-based diet, lean proteins | Processed foods, refined sugars, fats | Increase in Prevotella, Bacteroides, Ruminococcus sp. | Muratore et al., 2015 [24] Zhao et al., 2019 [25] |
SMA | Calcium, dietary fibers, probiotics | Processed foods | Increase in harmful bacteria. | Zhou et al., 2022 [32] Brzozowski et al., 2016 [33] |
Vasculitis | Calcium, broccoli, yogurt, skimmed milk, plant-based diet, beta-glucan | Food additives, fried foods, non-digestible carbohydrates | Increase in bacteroides | Lunardi et al., 1992 [35] Sato et al., 2017 [38] Snelson et al., 2023 [40] |
Sarcopenia | Proteins, vitamin D, omega 3 fatty acids, fruits, vegetables | Western-style foods, including fats and processed sugars and foods | Increase in harmful bacteria. | Smith et al., 2015 [42] Beaudart et al., 2016 [43] Morley et al., 2020 [46] |
Cirrhosis | Polyunsaturated fats, dietary fibres, whole grains, omega-3 foods (fish, olive oil) | Saturated and monounsaturated fats, high intake of processed and red meat, sugars, and refined carbohydrates | Increase in harmful gut bacteria | Lee et al., 2016 [47] Han et al., 2017 [49] De la Fuente et al., 2020 [52] |
Cancer | Vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, plant-based diet | High intake of processed and red meat | Increase in inflammation-causing bacteria | Fung et al., 2015 [53] Harvie and Howell, 2018 [54] Larsson and Wolk, 2018 [55]; Norris and Dennis, 2019 [56] |
Fibromyalgia | Low FODMAP diet, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains | Processed foods and carbohydrates | Increase in inflammation-causing flora | Pedersen et al., 2017 [59] Bagis et al., 2015 [57]; Castro et al., 2019 [58] |
Rare Inflammatory Diseases | Beneficial Diet | Harmful Diet | Changes in Gut Microbial Flora due to Harmful Diet | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sarcoidosis | Omega-3 FA, antioxidant fruits and vegetables that are rich in antioxidants | Saturated and trans fats, refined carbohydrates, and processed foods | Altered flora; increase in harmful gut bacteria | Zhuang et al., 2019 [62] Cheng et al., 2020 [60] Gupta et al., 2019 [63] |
Psoriasis | Fruits, vegetables, fibers, probiotics, and prebiotics | Fats and sugars | Harmful bacterial flora in the gut | Kim et al., 2019 [68] Navarro-López, et al., 2018 [69] Shen, et al., 2017 [70] |
No. | Chr | Strand | Gene | Category | Enhancer | EntrezGeneId |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
33,471 | chr2:135,783,531-135,783,680 | GH02J13578 | ||||
33,472 | chr2:135,786,471-135,787,840 | GH02J13578 | ||||
33,473 | chr2:135,787,850-135,837,184 | − | LCT | Protein Coding | 3938 | |
33,474 | chr2:135,791,413-135,793,045 | GH02J13579 | ||||
33,475 | chr2:135,794,362-135,794,983 | + | HSALNG0019075 | RNA Gene | ||
33,476 | chr2:135,794,396-135,795,460 | GH02J13579 | ||||
33,477 | chr2:135,797,202-135,798,800 | GH02J13579 | ||||
33,478 | chr2:135,804,934-135,828,172 | + | HSALNG0019076 | RNA Gene | ||
33,479 | chr2:135,806,054-135,806,133 | − | RF02000-004 | RNA Gene | ||
33,480 | chr2:135,810,169-135,810,279 | − | ENSG00000200664 | RNA Gene |
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Aziz, T.; Khan, A.A.; Tzora, A.; Voidarou, C.; Skoufos, I. Dietary Implications of the Bidirectional Relationship between the Gut Microflora and Inflammatory Diseases with Special Emphasis on Irritable Bowel Disease: Current and Future Perspective. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2956. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132956
Aziz T, Khan AA, Tzora A, Voidarou C, Skoufos I. Dietary Implications of the Bidirectional Relationship between the Gut Microflora and Inflammatory Diseases with Special Emphasis on Irritable Bowel Disease: Current and Future Perspective. Nutrients. 2023; 15(13):2956. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132956
Chicago/Turabian StyleAziz, Tariq, Ayaz Ali Khan, Athina Tzora, Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou, and Ioannis Skoufos. 2023. "Dietary Implications of the Bidirectional Relationship between the Gut Microflora and Inflammatory Diseases with Special Emphasis on Irritable Bowel Disease: Current and Future Perspective" Nutrients 15, no. 13: 2956. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132956