Preparation of Red Ginseng Marc-Derived Gintonin and Its Application as a Skin Nutrient
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Preparation
2.2. Preparation of KRGM Gintonin
2.3. Carbohydrate Analysis of KRGM Gintonin
2.4. Fatty Acids Analysis of KRGM Gintonin
2.5. LPA, LPC, and Phosphatidylcholine Analysis of KRGM Gintonin
2.6. Intracellular Ca2+ Assay
2.7. Cell Viability Assay
2.8. Analysis of ABTS+ Radical Scavenging Activity (H2O2-Specific Test)
2.9. Nitric Oxide Analysis
2.10. Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Analysis
2.11. Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Analysis
2.12. Scratch Wound Healing Assay
3. Results
3.1. Preparation of KRGM Gintonin from KRGM
3.2. Quantitation of LPA C18:2, LPC C18:2, and Phosphatidylcholine (PC C16:0–18:2 and C16:0–18:2) Free Fatty Acids in KRGM Gintonin
3.3. [Ca2+]i Transient Induction by KRGM Gintonin
3.4. Effects of KRGM Gintonin on the Viability of HDFs Exposed to UVB
3.5. Effects of KRGM Gintonin on ABTS+ Radical, NO, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production
3.6. Effects of KRGM Gintonin on Cell Aging and In Vitro Wound Healing under UVB Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LPA C18:2 (μg/mg) | LPC C18:2 (μg/mg) | PC C16:0–18:2 (μg/mg) | PC C18:2–18:2 (μg/mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
KRGM | 2.7 ± 0.41 | 9.87 ± 1.58 | 13.8 ± 2.52 | 14.8 ± 1.59 |
Fatty Acids | Concentration (μg/mg) |
---|---|
Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) | 1.17 |
Hexadecenoic acid (C16:1) | 3.16 |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 77.28 |
Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) | 1.75 |
Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) | 500.73 |
Elaidic acid (C18:1n9t) | 11.62 |
Oleic acid (C18:1n9c) | 16.15 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 2.85 |
11,14-Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2) | 1.88 |
Arachidic acid (C20:4n6) | 0.45 |
cis 13,16-Docosedienoic acid (C22:2) | 0.51 |
Docosanoic acid (C22:0) | 0.88 |
Name | Amount (mg/mg) |
---|---|
Fucose | 0.012 |
Rhamnose | 0.008 |
Arabinose | 0.058 |
Galactose | 0.016 |
Glucose | 0.335 |
Xylose | 0.009 |
Fructose | 0.008 |
Total | 0.446 |
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Lee, R.; Kim, J.-H.; Hwang, H.; Rhim, H.; Hwang, S.-H.; Cho, I.-H.; Kim, D.-G.; Kim, H.-C.; Nah, S.-Y. Preparation of Red Ginseng Marc-Derived Gintonin and Its Application as a Skin Nutrient. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112574
Lee R, Kim J-H, Hwang H, Rhim H, Hwang S-H, Cho I-H, Kim D-G, Kim H-C, Nah S-Y. Preparation of Red Ginseng Marc-Derived Gintonin and Its Application as a Skin Nutrient. Nutrients. 2023; 15(11):2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112574
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Rami, Ji-Hun Kim, Hongik Hwang, Hyewhon Rhim, Sung-Hee Hwang, Ik-Hyun Cho, Do-Geun Kim, Hyoung-Chun Kim, and Seung-Yeol Nah. 2023. "Preparation of Red Ginseng Marc-Derived Gintonin and Its Application as a Skin Nutrient" Nutrients 15, no. 11: 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112574