Effect of Nut Consumption on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Eligible Studies
3.2. Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis
3.3. Nut Intake and Total NAFLD Risk
3.4. Subgroup Analysis of the Effect of Total Nut Intake on the Risk of NAFLD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Studies | Study Design | Location | Years Enrolled | Age Range (Years) | Gender | Sample Size | Adjustment Variables | NOS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Han et al. (2014) [23] | Case–control Study | Korea | 2014 | 20–69 | Male/female | 348 | Age group, current job, education level, exercise frequency group, smoking, and energy intake. | 6 |
Chan et al. (2015) [33] | Cross-sectional Study | China | 2008–2010 | 19–72 | Male/female | 797 | BMI, smoker status, drinker status, central obesity, triglyceride > 1.7 mmol/L, reduced HDL cholesterol, hypertension, impaired fasting glucose or diabetes, and the PNPLA3 genotypes. | 8 |
Katsagoni et al. (2017) [34] | Case–control Study | Greece | 2013–2015 | 18–67 | Male/female | 155 | Age, sex, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, adiponectin, and TNF-a. | 7 |
Zhang et al. (2019) [21] | Prospective Cohort Study | China | 2013–2016 | ≥18 | Male/female | 33,150 | Age, gender, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking, education level, occupation, household income, physical activity, family history of disease, history of hypertension, total energy intake, eicosatetraenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid intake, soft drink intake, three main dietary pattern scores, and potential intermediates of the nut–NAFLD association. | 9 |
Kalafati et al. (2019) [22] | Case–control Study | Greece | 2012–2015 | ≤65 | Male/female | 351 | Age, sex, BMI or energy intake, smoking, and PAL. | 7 |
Chen et al. (2019) [35] | Case–control Study | China | 2015–2017 | 18–70 | Male/female | 1068 | Age, income, smoking, educational level, tea drinking, occupation, marital status, BMI, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and MUFA and PUFA intake. | 8 |
Asbaghi et al. (2020) [24] | Case–control Study | Iran | 2015 | 18–75 | Male/female | 999 | Age, gender, BMI, alcohol drinking, smoking, diabetes, physical activity, and energy intake. | 7 |
Semmler et al. (2020) [20] | Prospective Cohort Study | Austria | 2010–2019 | 58.5 ± 9.8 | Male/female | 4655 | Age, sex, BMI, metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, alcohol drinking, intake of fast food, vegetables, fruits, sweets, red and processed meat, white meat, fish, coffee, and consumption of SSB. | 9 |
Xia et al. (2020) [2] | Prospective Cohort Study | China | 2013–2016 | Na | Male/female | 23,529 | Age, sex, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, physical activity, educational level, income, smoking, drinking, employment status, energy intake, total carbohydrate intake, total fat intake, sweet food intake, red meat intake, white meat intake, DHA + EPA intake, family history of CVD, hypertension, and diabetes. | 9 |
Cardoso et al. (2021) [19] | Cross-sectional Study | USA | 2005–2018 | ≥18 | Male/female | 25,360 | Age, sex, smoking, HEI-2015, physical activity, history of CVD, and HbA1c. | 9 |
Vijay et al. (2022) [25] | Case–control Study | India | 2013–2016 | ≥25 | Male/female | 1966 | Age, gender, and weight. | 7 |
Khazaei et al. (2023) [36] | Case–control Study | Iran | 2018–2019 | average 42.7 | Male/female | 243 | Age, sex, energy intake, physical activity, marital status, education, supplement use, drug use, smoking status, fat intake, carbohydrate intake (continuous), and BMI. | 8 |
Nuts | |||
---|---|---|---|
No. of Study | OR (95% CI) | I2 | |
Sex | |||
Male | 5 | 0.77 (0.56, 1.08) | 84.5% |
Female | 5 | 0.83 (0.75, 0.91) | 2.8% |
All | 7 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 82.6% |
Region | |||
Asia | 9 | 0.88 (0.68, 1.13) | 83.7% |
Europe | 3 | 0.84 (0.67, 1.05) | 62.4% |
North America | 2 | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | 61.6% |
Study design | |||
Prospective cohort study | 2 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) | 0.0% |
Cross-sectional study | 4 | 0.85 (0.74, 0.98) | 76.2% |
Case–control study | 8 | 0.94 (0.73, 1.23) | 80.6% |
Sample size | |||
<1000 | 7 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.43) | 76.2% |
≥1000 | 7 | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | 82.1% |
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Pan, L.; Sui, J.; Xu, Y.; Zhao, Q. Effect of Nut Consumption on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102394
Pan L, Sui J, Xu Y, Zhao Q. Effect of Nut Consumption on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2023; 15(10):2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102394
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Ling, Jing Sui, Ying Xu, and Qun Zhao. 2023. "Effect of Nut Consumption on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Nutrients 15, no. 10: 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102394