Consumption of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Tissue Inflammation in Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Cashew Nuts’ Nutritional Composition
2.3. Animal Model Induction
2.4. Experimental Groups
2.5. Biochemical Analyses
2.6. Antioxidant Levels
2.7. Malondialdehyde (MDA) Measurement
2.8. Cytokine Measurement
2.9. Histological Examination
2.10. Immunohistochemical Localization of Poly (ADP-Ribose Polymerase) (PARP), Nitrotyrosine
2.11. Western Blots for Nuclear Factor NF-kB, NRF-2 and HO-1, and Bax and Bcl-2
2.12. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) Assay
2.13. Materials
2.14. Statistical Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Cashew Nuts on Serum Hcy Levels after Methionine Administration
3.2. Effect of Cashew Nut Oral Administration on Biochemical Changes Induced by HHcy in Rats
3.3. Effect of Cashew Nut Oral Administration on Oxidative Stress Induced by HHcy in Rats
3.4. Effect of Cashew Nut Oral Administration on Cytokine Release Induced by HHcy in Rats
3.5. Effect of Cashew Nut Oral Administration on Histological Damage and Fibrosis Induced by HHcy in Rats
3.6. Effect of Cashew Nut Oral Administration on Nitrotyrosine and PARP in HHcy Rats
3.7. Effect of Cashew Nut Oral Administration on NF-kB, NRF-2, and HO-1 Expression in HHcy Rats
3.8. Effect of Cashew Nut Oral Administration on Apoptosis in HHcy Rats
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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D’Amico, R.; Cordaro, M.; Fusco, R.; Peritore, A.F.; Genovese, T.; Gugliandolo, E.; Crupi, R.; Mandalari, G.; Caccamo, D.; Cuzzocrea, S.; et al. Consumption of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Tissue Inflammation in Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071474
D’Amico R, Cordaro M, Fusco R, Peritore AF, Genovese T, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Mandalari G, Caccamo D, Cuzzocrea S, et al. Consumption of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Tissue Inflammation in Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats. Nutrients. 2022; 14(7):1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071474
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Amico, Ramona, Marika Cordaro, Roberta Fusco, Alessio Filippo Peritore, Tiziana Genovese, Enrico Gugliandolo, Rosalia Crupi, Giuseppina Mandalari, Daniela Caccamo, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, and et al. 2022. "Consumption of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts Counteracts Oxidative Stress and Tissue Inflammation in Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia in Rats" Nutrients 14, no. 7: 1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071474