Plasma Retinoid Concentrations Are Altered in Pregnant Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Quantification of Retinoids in Plasma
2.4. Quantification of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) and Transthyretin (TTR) in Plasma
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Human Subjects
3.2. Plasma Retinoids during Normal Healthy Pregnancies
3.3. Plasma Concentrations of Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) and the Binding Partner Transthyretin (TTR)
3.4. Free atRA Concentrations during Pregnancy and Postpartum
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Value (Mean ± SD) |
---|---|
Women (n = 23) | |
Age (y) | 32.4 ± 3.1 A |
Height (cm) | 161.9 ± 21.6 |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 64.8 ± 10.7 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 3.1 |
Race B | % |
White | 70 |
Asian | 13 |
Black | 9 |
Pacific Islander | 4 |
Mixed Asian and Caucasian | 4 |
Study Days | Weeks (mean ± SD) |
Study Day 1 | 26.8 ± 1.2 weeks gestation |
Study Day 2 | 30.1 ± 1.2 weeks gestation |
Study Day 3 | 15.3 ± 2.6 weeks postpartum |
Prenatal vitamin supplementation | Frequency (%) |
Study Day 1 | 87% |
Study Day 2 | 0% |
Study Day 3 | 57% |
Lactating | 91% |
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Czuba, L.C.; Fay, E.E.; LaFrance, J.; Smith, C.K.; Shum, S.; Moreni, S.L.; Mao, J.; Isoherranen, N.; Hebert, M.F. Plasma Retinoid Concentrations Are Altered in Pregnant Women. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071365
Czuba LC, Fay EE, LaFrance J, Smith CK, Shum S, Moreni SL, Mao J, Isoherranen N, Hebert MF. Plasma Retinoid Concentrations Are Altered in Pregnant Women. Nutrients. 2022; 14(7):1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071365
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzuba, Lindsay C., Emily E. Fay, Jeffrey LaFrance, Chase K. Smith, Sara Shum, Sue L. Moreni, Jennie Mao, Nina Isoherranen, and Mary F. Hebert. 2022. "Plasma Retinoid Concentrations Are Altered in Pregnant Women" Nutrients 14, no. 7: 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071365
APA StyleCzuba, L. C., Fay, E. E., LaFrance, J., Smith, C. K., Shum, S., Moreni, S. L., Mao, J., Isoherranen, N., & Hebert, M. F. (2022). Plasma Retinoid Concentrations Are Altered in Pregnant Women. Nutrients, 14(7), 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071365