Dietary Recommendations for Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Role of Nutrition in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
3.1. Muscle Mass Restoration and Sarcopenia
3.2. Composition of the Gut Microbiota
3.3. Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome
3.4. Possible Role of Diet and Single Nutrients in Psychological Well-Being
4. Role of the Nutritionist in the Management of Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
- (1)
- Nutritional history: nutrient intake (macro- and micronutrients), adequacy of energy and nutrient intake, past and current diet history, religious and cultural preferences, food intolerances and refusals, changes in appetite or habitual intake.
- (2)
- Anthropometric measurements: weight and height, to be able to perform the calculation of BMI, body compartment estimates (fat mass, fat-free mass). The Academy also recommends the analysis of biochemical data, in-depth physical examination, and inquiries about personal and family history, among other aspects. All of these details are important to establish a previous inflammatory state in these patients as it has been described that inflammation plays a determinant role in COVID-19 patients [43] and other diseases [44,45,46]. Apart from the BMI, it will also be essential to know the body composition. One of the techniques used is bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). It measures the bioimpedance to the flow of a low electric current at a fixed frequency, single or multi-frequency. The principle of this method is based on the fact that lean tissue is an excellent electrical conductor since it contains water and electrolytes, while fat is a poor conductor since it does not contain water [47]. This technique allows estimation of the percentage of fat mass and muscle mass, thus evaluating their variations over time.
5. Dietary Recommendations for Patients with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
5.1. Energy Intake
5.2. Macronutrients
5.3. Micronutrients
5.4. Nutraceuticals
5.5. Mediterranean Diet
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Tool/Procedure |
---|---|
Risk of malnutrition | Malnutrition screening tool (dietary intake, appetite, and involuntary weight loss) |
Dietary habits | Nutritional history (adequacy of actual energy and nutrient intake, religious and cultural preferences, food intolerances and refusals, past diet history, changes in habitual intake) |
Anthropometry and body composition | -Body size (weight, height, and BMI) -Bioelectrical impedance analysis (fat mass, fat-free mass, and muscle mass) |
Sarcopenia and functional impairment (fatigue and muscle weakness) | -Gait speed -Handgrip -Specific questionnaires (i.e., SARC-F) |
Physical impairment | Anamnestic data (dysphagia, taste/smell alterations) Biochemical parameters (in particular, inflammatory status) |
Sleep disorders | Pittsburgh sleep quality index |
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Barrea, L.; Grant, W.B.; Frias-Toral, E.; Vetrani, C.; Verde, L.; de Alteriis, G.; Docimo, A.; Savastano, S.; Colao, A.; Muscogiuri, G. Dietary Recommendations for Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061305
Barrea L, Grant WB, Frias-Toral E, Vetrani C, Verde L, de Alteriis G, Docimo A, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. Dietary Recommendations for Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. Nutrients. 2022; 14(6):1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061305
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarrea, Luigi, William B. Grant, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Claudia Vetrani, Ludovica Verde, Giulia de Alteriis, Annamaria Docimo, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao, and Giovanna Muscogiuri. 2022. "Dietary Recommendations for Post-COVID-19 Syndrome" Nutrients 14, no. 6: 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061305