Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain Metabolism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- Time-restricted eating (TRE): eating is restricted throughout the day to a limited number of hours (for example out of 24 h, 16 are devoted to fasting and 8 to eating). This intervention can be further divided into early (eTRE) and late time-restricted eating (lTRE).
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- Alternate-day fasting (ADF): fasting days alternate with those of free eating in various schemes (one of the most popular is the 5/2 method: fasting for 2 non-consecutive days in a week and ad libitum eating in the other 5).
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- Modified alternate-day fasting: similar to ADF but during fasting days a low-calorie intake is allowed (15–25% of the caloric needs).
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- Other types of fasting, such as the one followed for religious or spiritual needs.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Fasting and Brain Metabolism
3.2. Molecular, Hormonal, and Systemic Mechanisms by Which IF Affects Neural Function
3.2.1. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
3.2.2. Transcription Factor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α (PGC1α)
3.2.3. SIRT3
3.2.4. mTOR and Autophagy
3.2.5. FGF2
3.2.6. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
3.2.7. Ghrelin
3.2.8. GH e IGF-I
3.2.9. Gut Microbiota
3.3. Role of Obesity and Insulin-Resistance on Cognitive Impairment and Effects of Intermittent Fasting
3.4. Possible Clinical Applications of Intermittent Fasting in Neurological Disorders
4. Limitations, Future Perspectives, and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Population | IF Regimen | IF Duration | Effects of IF Cognitive Function |
---|---|---|---|---|
Animal Models | ||||
Liu et al. [43] | T2D mice | ADF | 28 days | Improvement in spatial memory and cognitive function |
Hu et al. [41] | Vascular dementia rat model | ADF | 12 weeks | Better cognitive performance |
Fontán-Lozano et al. [82] | Mice | ADF | 6–8 months | Improved spatial learning and memory |
Halagappa et al. [83] | Alzheimer disease mice model | ADF | 14 months | Better spatial memory acquisition and cognitive performance |
Jeong et al. [85] | Thoracic spinal cord contusion injury rat model | ADF | 3 weeks or –24 hrs before trauma to 10 weeks after | Decreased brain damage and stimulated cognitive brain recovery after injury |
Human Studies | ||||
BaHammam et al. [86] | 8 healthy men | Ramadan | 2 weeks | no effect in reaction time |
Ooi et al. [87] | 99 MCI Malay adults | ADF (5/2days) | 36 months | Better cognitive performance |
Anton et al. [88] | 10 Overweight, sedentary subjects with mild to moderate functional limitations | TRF (16/8h) | 4 weeks | No differences in cognitive function tests |
Currenti et al. [89] | 883 elderly Italians | TRF | observational | lower risk for cognitive impairment |
Currenti et al. [90] | 1572 Italian adults | TRF | observational | decreased risk for mental health distress |
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Brocchi, A.; Rebelos, E.; Dardano, A.; Mantuano, M.; Daniele, G. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain Metabolism. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1275. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061275
Brocchi A, Rebelos E, Dardano A, Mantuano M, Daniele G. Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain Metabolism. Nutrients. 2022; 14(6):1275. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061275
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrocchi, Alex, Eleni Rebelos, Angela Dardano, Michele Mantuano, and Giuseppe Daniele. 2022. "Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain Metabolism" Nutrients 14, no. 6: 1275. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061275