Comparison between Egg Intake versus Choline Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Plasma Carotenoids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Experimental Design
2.2. Blood Collection
2.3. Plasma Choline Metabolites
2.4. Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin
2.5. Feces Collection
2.6. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing of Taxonomic Marker
2.7. Stratification for Microbiota
2.8. Sequence Data Processing and Statistical Analyses
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plasma Choline Metabolites
3.2. Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin
3.3. Gut Microbiota
3.3.1. Alpha-Diversity Indexes of the Gut Microbiota
3.3.2. Beta-Diversity Indexes of the Gut Microbiota
3.3.3. Correlation Analysis between Bacterial Diversity and Metabolic Parameters
3.3.4. Comparison of Taxonomic Signatures in MetS Patients at Baseline and When Consuming Three Eggs/d Versus CB Supplementation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Baseline | P-Egg | P-CB |
---|---|---|---|
TMAO (nmol/mL) | 4.16 ± 3.05 | 5.14 ± 2.5 | 5.15 ± 5.3 |
Methionine (nmol/mL) | 29.4 ± 4.0 | 29.8 ± 4.0 | 29.9 ± 5.2 |
Betaine (nmol/mL) 2 | 37.6 ± 14.8 a | 43.0 ± 14.7 b | 43.5 ± 18.7 b |
DGM (nmol/mL) | 2.4 ± 0.6 a | 2.8 ± 0.7 b | 2.8 ± 0.6 b |
Parameter | Baseline | P-Egg | P-CB |
---|---|---|---|
Plasma lutein (nmol/L) 2 | 495.1 ± 235 a | 681.6 ± 351 b | 527.7 ± 283 a |
Plasma zeaxanthin (nmol/L) | 64.8 ± 29 a | 113.8 ± 46 b | 67.3 ± 27 a |
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Thomas, M.S.; DiBella, M.; Blesso, C.N.; Malysheva, O.; Caudill, M.; Sholola, M.; Cooperstone, J.L.; Fernandez, M.L. Comparison between Egg Intake versus Choline Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Plasma Carotenoids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061179
Thomas MS, DiBella M, Blesso CN, Malysheva O, Caudill M, Sholola M, Cooperstone JL, Fernandez ML. Comparison between Egg Intake versus Choline Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Plasma Carotenoids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2022; 14(6):1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061179
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas, Minu S., Marissa DiBella, Christopher N. Blesso, Olga Malysheva, Marie Caudill, Maria Sholola, Jessica L. Cooperstone, and Maria Luz Fernandez. 2022. "Comparison between Egg Intake versus Choline Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Plasma Carotenoids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome" Nutrients 14, no. 6: 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061179