Nutritional Impact and Eating Pattern Changes in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders after Health Education Program on Symbiotic Dietary Modulation Offered by Specialised Psychiatric Nursing–Two-Arm Randomised Clinical Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Population Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Intervention
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Trial Registration
References
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Variables | Total (n = 44) | Control Group (n = 21) | Intervention Group (n = 23) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic variables | |||||
Sex | |||||
Men | 32 (72.7%) | 14 (31.8%) | 18 (40.9%) | 0.388 | |
Women | 12 (27.3%) | 7 (15.9%) | 5 (11.4%) | ||
Age (years) | 49.2 (11.2) | 48.8 (13.8) | 49.5 (10.1) | 0.897 | |
Household composition | |||||
Individual | 12 (27.3%) | 5 (11.4%) | 7 (15.9%) | 0.893 | |
Horizontal | 3 (6.8%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | ||
Complete | 3 (6.8%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | ||
Family home | 7 (15.9%) | 4 (9.1%) | 3 (6.8%) | ||
Supervised flat | 19 (43.2%) | 10 (22.7%) | 9 (20.5%) | ||
Economic level | |||||
High | 6 (13.6%) | 3 (6.8%) | 3 (6.8%) | 0.651 | |
Medium | 26 (59.1%) | 11 (25%) | 15 (34.1%) | ||
Low | 12 (27.3%) | 7 (15.9%) | 5 (11.4%) | ||
Education level | |||||
Uneducated | 4 (9.1%) | 2 (4.5%) | 2 (4.5%) | 0.590 | |
Primary | 19 (43.2%) | 11 (25%) | 8 (18.2%) | ||
Secondary | 17 (38.6%) | 7 (15.9%) | 10 (22.7%) | ||
University | 4 (9.1%) | 1 (2.3%) | 3 (6.8%) | ||
Area of residence | |||||
Urban | 38 (86.4%) | 18 (40.9%) | 20 (45.5%) | 1.00 | |
Rural | 6 (13.6%) | 3 (6.8%) | 3 (6.8%) | ||
Clinical Variables | |||||
Psychiatric diagnosis | |||||
Schizophrenia | 37 (84.1%) | 19 (43.2%) | 18 (40.9%) | 0.419 | |
Schizoaffective Disorder | 5 (11.4%) | 1 (2.3%) | 4 (9.1%) | ||
Delusional Disorder | 2 (4.5%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (2.3%) | ||
Duration of illness (years) | 21.6 (12.4) | 22.5 (12.6) | 20.9 (12.5) | 0.715 | |
Age at first hospitalisation (years) | 31.4 (11) | 31.4 (11.4) | 31.4 (10.7) | 0.572 | |
Consumption of toxics | |||||
No | 15 (34.1%) | 5 (11.4%) | 10 (22.7%) | 0.169 | |
Yes | 29 (65.9%) | 16 (36.4%) | 13 (29.5%) | ||
Type of toxics | |||||
Alcohol | 6 (13.6%) | 3 (6.8%) | 3 (6.8%) | 0.775 | |
Tobacco | 29 (65.9%) | 15 (34%) | 14 (31.8%) | ||
Cocaine | 3 (6.8%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | ||
Opioids | 2 (4.6%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (2.3%) | ||
Amphetamines | 3 (6.8%) | 2 (4.5%) | 1 (2.3%) | ||
Cannabis | 10 (22.7%) | 5 (11.6%) | 5 (11.3%) | ||
Cardio-metabolic condition | |||||
No | 24 (54.5%) | 11 (25%) | 13 (29.5%) | 0.783 | |
Yes | 20 (45.5%) | 10 (22.7%) | 10 (22.7%) | ||
Type Cardio-metabolic condition | |||||
AHT | 10 (22.7%) | 6 (13.6%) | 4 (9.1%) | 0.407 | |
DM | 7 (15.9%) | 5 (11.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | ||
Hyperlipemia | 17 (38.6%) | 8 (18.1%) | 9 (20.4%) | ||
Therapeutic Variables | |||||
Reason for Change: Antipsychotic Treatment | |||||
Unchanged | 31 (70.5%) | 16 (51.6%) | 15 (48.4%) | 0.660 | |
Lack of efficiency | 5 (11.4%) | 1 (2.3%) | 4 (9.1%) | ||
Tolerability/safety issues | 2 (4.5%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (2.3%) | ||
Patient’s own choice | 3 (6.8%) | 1 (2.3%) | 2 (4.5%) | ||
Other: Clinical improvement | 3 (6.8%) | 2 (4.5%) | 1 (2.3%) | ||
Tolerability and Modulation of Dietary and Nutritional Patterns | |||||
Culinary knowledge and food responsibility | |||||
Can cook and he/she is in charge of it | 27 (61.4%) | 9 (20.5%) | 18 (40.9%) | 0.004 | |
Can cook but he/she is not in charge of it | 6 (13.6%) | 2 (4.5%) | 4 (9.1%) | ||
Cannot cook and he/she is not in charge of it | 11 (25%) | 10 (22.7%) | 1 (2.3%) |
Variables | Total (n = 44) | Control Group (n = 21) | Intervention Group (n = 23) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients (RDA) | ||||
Energy (%) | 177.4 (48.4) | 182 (47.3) | 173.2 (50.1) | 0.329 |
Proteins (g) | 432 (152.5) | 443.2 (159.6) | 421.9 (148.6) | 0.597 |
Lipids (g) | 207.8 (63.1) | 212.4 (68.2) | 203.5 (59.4) | 0.716 |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 392.3 (222.2) | 414.9 (260.6) | 371.7 (183.9) | 0.698 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 147.7 (60.9) | 140.9 (63.6) | 154 (59) | 0.613 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 138.9 (103.7) | 145.1 (131.3) | 133.2 (72.8) | 0.716 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 247.2 (135.8) | 224.6 (70.3) | 267.9 (175) | 0.787 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 159.6 (53.4) | 161.8 (48.2) | 157.5 (58.7) | 0.518 |
Oligosaccharides (g) Polysaccharides (g) | 303.4 (205.7) | 342.7 (203.8) | 267.5 (205.2) | 0.088 |
123.2 (74.6) | 139.8 (87.2) | 108 (58.8) | 0.378 | |
Fibre (g) | 215.1 (124.8) | 196 (130.5) | 232.5 (119.5) | 0.245 |
Micronutrients (RDA) | ||||
Ca (mg) | 181.1 (68.8) | 194.1 (64.7) | 169.2 (71.2) | 0.124 |
Mg (mg) | 292.8 (95.4) | 285.3 (88.8) | 299.7 (102.6) | 0.823 |
P (mg) | 352.9 (107.7) | 372.7 (123.5) | 334.8 (89.9) | 0.209 |
Na (mg) | 310.8 (93.6) | 320.9 (112.4) | 301.5 (73.7) | 0.630 |
K (mg) | 236 (83.8) | 232.4 (90.2) | 239.2 (79.5) | 0.664 |
Fe (mg) | 216 (70.5) | 211.1 (64.1) | 220.5 (77.1) | 0.953 |
Cu (mg) | 173.7 (91.2) | 170 (118.9) | 177 (58.1) | 0.184 |
Zn (mg) | 260.4 (101.3) | 251.2 (83.4) | 268.7 (116.6) | 0.916 |
Mn (mg) | 714.7 (595.6) | 575.9 (360.2) | 841.3 (735) | 0.264 |
I (ug) | 252.7 (102.1) | 278.4 (120.9) | 229.2 (76.7) | 0.177 |
Se (mg) | 501.4 (229) | 471 (203) | 529.2 (251.7) | 0.518 |
Thiamine (mg) | 261.4 (81.4) | 261 (74.1) | 261.7 (89.2) | 0.769 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 289.2 (92.7) | 299.5 (92.1) | 279.8 (94.4) | 0.226 |
Niacin (mg) | 388.5 (116.3) | 392.7 (113) | 384.7 (121.6) | 0.503 |
Pantothenic acid (mg) | 97.3 (44.6) | 103.6 (46.9) | 91.6 (42.7) | 0.329 |
Vit B6 (mg) | 314.1 (105.7) | 305.5 (94.4) | 321.9 (116.7) | 0.842 |
Biotin (ug) | 117.7 (76.2) | 135.7 (87.3) | 101.2 (61.7) | 0.162 |
Folic Acid (ug) | 205.4 (81.4) | 199.1 (86.1) | 211.2 (78.4) | 0.565 |
Vit B12 (ug) | 636.2 (273.9) | 657.5 (321.6) | 616.6 (227.5) | 0.842 |
Ascorbic Acid (mg) | 451.6 (244.3) | 431.2 (248.7) | 470.2 (244.2) | 0.647 |
Vit A (ug) | 239.5 (93.4) | 250.7 (86.9) | 229.3 (99.8) | 0.549 |
Vit D (ug) | 64.9 (65.9) | 69.5 (80.5) | 60.6 (50.6) | 0.897 |
Vit E (mg) | 228.5 (143.7) | 191.8 (100.7) | 262.1 (169.4) | 0.065 |
Food Group: Weekly Consumption | ||||
Dairy Products (n°. consumed/week) | 21.2 (13) | 22.7 (14.9) | 19.9 (11.1) | 0.487 |
Eggs, Meats and Fish (n°. consumed/week) | 23.3 (9.3) | 21.8 (10.9) | 24.6 (7.5) | 0.188 |
Vegetables (n°. consumed/week) | 25.3 (12.9) | 23.7 (14.2) | 26.8 (11.8) | 0.188 |
Fruits (n°. consumed/week) | 22.4 (17.7) | 19 (18.4) | 25.4 (16.8) | 0.086 |
Legumes and Cereals (n°. consumed/week) | 6.6 (4.9) | 5.9 (3.9) | 7.2 (5.7) | 0.687 |
Sugars and ultra-processed products (n°. consumed/week) | 53.9 (22.4) | 45.5 (14.9) | 61.6 (25.4) | 0.03 |
Weekly food record | ||||
R24-weekly (n°. of symbiotic foods consumed/week) | 24.4 (7.8) | 20.6 (7.8) | 27.8 (6.2) | 0.001 |
R24-monthly (n°. of symbiotic foods consumed/week) | 97.7 (31.4) | 82.6 (31.3) | 111.4 (25) | 0.001 |
R24-trimestral (n°. of symbiotic foods consumed/week) | 293.1 (94.3) | 247.9 (94.1) | 334.3 (75) | 0.001 |
Anthropometric Profile | ||||
Weight (kg) | 81.4 (17.6) | 76.6 (18) | 85.7 (16.3) | 0.086 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 101.9 (17) | 97.6 (21) | 105.7 (11.5) | 0.312 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 (5) | 27.5 (5.2) | 29.5 (4.8) | 0.307 |
WHtR | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.0) | 0.518 |
Height (cm) | 168.5 (9.2) | 166.4 (10.7) | 170.3 (7.4) | 0.245 |
Therapeutic Variables | ||||
N of associated antipsychotic | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.597 |
DDD antipsychotics (mg) | 271.4 (242.5) | 286.7 (222.3) | 257.4 (242.5) | 0.458 |
Total (n = 44) | Control Group (n = 21) | Intervention Group (n = 23) | p * | p ** | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Basal | 6 Months | p | Basal | 6 Months | p | Basal | 6 Months | p | ||
Macronutrients (RDA) | |||||||||||
Energy (%) | 177.4 (48.4) | 128.2 (31.7) | <0.001 | 182 (47.3) | 130.9 (37.8) | 0.001 | 173.2 (50.1) | 125.8 (25.4) | <0.001 | 0.329 | 0.647 |
Proteins (g) | 432 (152.5) | 328.4 (116.7) | <0.001 | 443.2 (159.6) | 311.1 (134.1) | 0.003 | 421.9 (148.6) | 344.2 (98.6) | 0.011 | 0.597 | 0.209 |
Lipids (g) | 207.8 (63.1) | 143.2 (39.2) | <0.001 | 212.4 (68.2) | 149.6 (47) | 0.002 | 203.5 (59.4) | 137.3 (30.2) | <0.001 | 0.716 | 0.245 |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 392.3 (222.2) | 251.6 (93.8) | <0.001 | 414.9 (260.6) | 252.4 (99.4) | 0.002 | 371.7 (183.9) | 250.9 (90.7) | 0.008 | 0.698 | 0.897 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 147.7 (60.9) | 108.7 (40.2) | <0.001 | 140.9 (63.6) | 103.1 (35.9) | 0.006 | 154 (59) | 113.9 (43.9) | 0.018 | 0.613 | 0.418 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 138.9 (103.7) | 120.6 (115.8) | 0.264 | 145.1 (131.3) | 144.6 (160) | 0.985 | 133.2 (72.8) | 98.7 (43.3) | 0.095 | 0.716 | 0.733 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 247.2 (135.8) | 173.1 (80.7) | 0.001 | 224.6 (70.3) | 160.1 (76.7) | 0.002 | 267.9 (175) | 185 (84.2) | 0.027 | 0.787 | 0.285 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 159.6 (53.4) | 118.7 (35.2) | <0.001 | 161.8 (48.2) | 120.3 (38.5) | 0.003 | 157.5 (58.7) | 117.3 (32.6) | 0.004 | 0.518 | 0.897 |
Oligosaccharides (g) | 303.4 (205.7) | 204.8 (98.6) | 0.005 | 342.7 (203.8) | 214 (113.4) | 0.015 | 267.5 (205.2) | 196.5 (84.6) | 0.134 | 0.088 | 0.805 |
Polysaccharides (g) | 123.2 (74.6) | 96.6 (40.7) | 0.019 | 139.8 (87.2) | 89.1 (44.4) | 0.003 | 108 (58.8) | 103.5 (36.6) | 0.762 | 0.378 | 0.177 |
Fibre (g) | 215.1 (124.8) | 185.8 (111) | 0.229 | 196 (130.5) | 175.8 (116.8) | 0.560 | 232.5 (119.5) | 194.8 (107.3) | 0.288 | 0.245 | 0.431 |
Micronutrients (RDA) | |||||||||||
Ca (mg) | 181 (68.8) | 142 (56) | 0.004 | 194.1 (64.7) | 142.8 (64.6) | 0.02 | 169.2 (71.2) | 141.3 (48.2) | 0.099 | 0.124 | 0.751 |
Mg (mg) | 292.8 (95.4) | 238.2 (102.7) | 0.002 | 285.3 (88.8) | 220.2 (116.8) | 0.013 | 299.7 (102.6) | 254.7 (87.3) | 0.07 | 0.823 | 0.118 |
P (mg) | 352.9 (107.7) | 270.9 (77.8) | <0.001 | 372.7 (123.5) | 265.6 (88.2) | 0.003 | 334.8 (89.9) | 275.7 (68.6) | 0.009 | 0.209 | 0.318 |
Na (mg) | 310.8 (93.6) | 201 (60.7) | <0.001 | 320.9 (112.4) | 200.5 (67.6) | 0.001 | 301.5 (73.7) | 201.5 (55.2) | <0.001 | 0.630 | 0.860 |
K (mg) | 236 (83.8) | 195.5 (84.4) | 0.007 | 232.4 (90.2) | 178.4 (87.7) | 0.03 | 239.2 (79.5) | 211 (80.1) | 0.120 | 0.664 | 0.136 |
Fe (mg) | 216 (70.5) | 169.5 (57.6) | <0.001 | 211.1 (64.1) | 166.9 (66.3) | 0.008 | 220.5 (77.1) | 171.8 (49.8) | 0.003 | 0.953 | 0.953 |
Cu (mg) | 173.7 (91.2) | 154.8 (73.8) | 0.170 | 170 (118.9) | 133.9 (74.5) | 0.132 | 177 (58.1) | 173.8 (69.3) | 0.829 | 0.184 | 0.08 |
Zn (mg) | 260.4 (101.3) | 202.3 (76.4) | 0.003 | 251.2 (83.4) | 206.3 (96.5) | 0.118 | 268.7 (116.6) | 198.6 (53.9) | 0.013 | 0.916 | 0.565 |
Mn (mg) | 714.7 (595.6) | 632.8 (437.2) | 0.413 | 575.9 (360.2) | 495.5 (376.9) | 0.290 | 841.3 (735) | 758.3 (458.3) | 0.648 | 0.264 | 0.028 |
I (ug) | 252.7 (102.1) | 194.9 (91.9) | 0.009 | 278.4 (120.9) | 204.2 (114.7) | 0.061 | 229.2 (76.7) | 186.4 (66.3) | 0.063 | 0.177 | 0.953 |
Se (mg) | 501.4 (229) | 392.4 (147.6) | 0.004 | 471 (203) | 360.4 (136.2) | 0.034 | 529.2 (251.7) | 421.6 (154.4) | 0.055 | 0.518 | 0.162 |
Thiamine (mg) | 261.4 (81.4) | 209.6 (65.2) | <0.001 | 261 (74.1) | 203.5 (76.8) | 0.006 | 261.7 (89.2) | 215.2 (53.7) | 0.024 | 0.769 | 0.503 |
Riboflavin (mg) | 289.2 (92.7) | 237.2 (72) | 0.005 | 299.5 (92.1) | 230.3 (79.9) | 0.019 | 279.8 (94.4) | 243.5 (65) | 0.135 | 0.226 | 0.534 |
Niacin (mg) | 388.5 (116.3) | 318 (98.4) | 0.001 | 392.7 (113) | 295.9 (114.4) | 0.002 | 384.7 (121.6) | 338.1 (78.3) | 0.104 | 0.503 | 0.107 |
Pantothenic acid (mg) | 97.3 (44.6) | 82.3 (32.2) | 0.051 | 103.6 (46.9) | 73 (29.4) | 0.019 | 91.6 (42.7) | 90.8 (32.8) | 0.929 | 0.329 | 0.08 |
Vit B6 (mg) | 314.1 (102.7) | 262.9 (97.8) | 0.007 | 305.5 (94.4) | 244.2 (104.5) | 0.025 | 321.9 (116.7) | 279.9 (90.2) | 0.128 | 0.842 | 0.155 |
Biotin (ug) | 117.7 (76.2) | 104.6 (73.6) | 0.363 | 135.7 (87.3) | 93.5 (62.3) | 0.07 | 101.2 (61.7) | 114.7 (82.7) | 0.429 | 0.162 | 0.296 |
Folic Acid (ug) | 205.4 (81.4) | 174.8 (69.9) | 0.02 | 199.1 (86.1) | 158.3 (64.7) | 0.057 | 211.2 (78.4) | 189.9 (72.4) | 0.195 | 0.565 | 0.142 |
Vit. B12 (ug) | 636.2 (273.9) | 475.6 (198.3) | 0.002 | 657.5 (321.6) | 449.5 (183.2) | 0.021 | 616.6 (227.5) | 499.4 (212.3) | 0.04 | 0.842 | 0.549 |
Ascorbic Acid (mg) | 451.6 (244.3) | 429 (206.7) | 0.529 | 431.2 (248.7) | 383.2 (226.1) | 0.292 | 470.2 (244.2) | 470.8 (287.3) | 0.992 | 0.647 | 0.254 |
Vit. A (ug) | 239.5 (93.4) | 219 (80.1) | 0.212 | 250.7 (86.9) | 208.6 (75.7) | 0.079 | 229.3 (99.8) | 228.6 (84.4) | 0.974 | 0.549 | 0.366 |
Vit. D (ug) | 64.9 (65.9) | 52.4 (56.1) | 0.13 | 69.5 (80.5) | 56.4 (78.4) | 0.201 | 60.6 (50.6) | 48.8 (23.1) | 0.361 | 0.897 | 0.445 |
Vit. E (mg) | 228.5 (143.7) | 156.4 (52.8) | 0.002 | 191.8 (100.7) | 146.9 (64.3) | 0.059 | 262.1 (169.4) | 165.1 (39.1) | 0.014 | 0.065 | 0.062 |
Food Group: Weekly Consumption | |||||||||||
Dairy Products (n°. consumed/week) | 21.3 (13) | 22.4 (11.9) | 0.625 | 22.7 (14.9) | 24.4 (13.8) | 0.670 | 19.9 (11.1) | 20.5 (9.8) | 0.822 | 0.487 | 0.316 |
Eggs, Meats and Fish (n°. consumed/week) | 23.3 (9.3) | 20 (7.6) | 0.097 | 21.8 (10.9) | 22.1 (8.7) | 0.927 | 24.6 (7.5) | 18.1 (5.9) | 0.009 | 0.188 | 0.09 |
Vegetables (n°. consumed/week) | 25.3 (12.9) | 23.8 (11.1) | 0.517 | 23.7 (14.2) | 23 (12.9) | 0.848 | 26.8 (11.8) | 24.6 (9.4) | 0.407 | 0.188 | 0.284 |
Fruits (n°. consumed/week) | 22.4 (17.7) | 18.2 (14.4) | 0.074 | 19 (18.4) | 15.3 (14) | 0.276 | 25.4 (16.8) | 20.8 (14.6) | 0.165 | 0.086 | 0.148 |
Legumes and Cereals (n°. consumed/week) | 6.6 (4.9) | 7.2 (4.2) | 0.380 | 5.9 (3.9) | 6.4 (2.5) | 0.562 | 7.2 (5.7) | 7.9 (5.2) | 0.522 | 0.687 | 0.661 |
Sugars and ultra-processed products (n°. consumed/week) | 53.9 (22.4) | 57.4 (28.4) | 0.505 | 45.5 (14.9) | 67.2 (34.1) | 0.006 | 61.6 (25.4) | 48.4 (18.5) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.037 |
Weekly food record | |||||||||||
R24-weekly (n°. of symbiotic foods consumed/week) | 24.4 (7.8) | - | - | 20.6 (7.8) | - | - | 27.8 (6.2) | - | - | 0.001 | - |
R24-monthly (n°. of symbiotic foods consumed/week) | 97.7 (31.4) | - | - | 82.6 (31.3) | - | - | 111.4 (25) | - | - | 0.001 | - |
R24- quarterly (n°. of symbiotic foods consumed/week) | 293.1 (94.3) | - | - | 247.9 (94.1) | - | - | 334.3 (75) | - | - | 0.001 | - |
Anthropometric Profile | |||||||||||
Weight (kg) | 81.4 (17.6) | 78.7 (16.2) | <0.001 | 76.6 (18) | 75.8 (17.7) | 0.382 | 85.7 (16.3) | 81.3 (14.6) | <0.001 | 0.086 | 0.275 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 101.9 (17) | 101.6 (12.5) | 0.898 | 97.6 (21) | 101.2 (13.5) | 0.322 | 105.7 (11.5) | 102.1 (11.7) | <0.001 | 0.397 | 0.981 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 (5) | 27.6 (4.7) | <0.001 | 27.5 (5.2) | 27.2 (5.3) | 0.323 | 29.5 (4.8) | 27.9 (4.3) | <0.001 | 0.307 | 0.869 |
WHtR | 0.6 (0.09) | 0.6 (0.07) | 0.932 | 0.6 (0.12) | 0.6 (0.08) | 0.345 | 0.6 (0.06) | 0.6 (0.06) | <0.001 | 0.597 | 0.378 |
Therapeutic Variables | |||||||||||
N° of associated antipsychotic | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.262 | 1.38 (0.49) | 1.28 (0.46) | 0.329 | 1.3 (0.47) | 1.26 (0.44) | 0.575 | 0.597 | 0.855 |
DDD antipsychotics (mg) | 271.4 (242.5) | 241.2 (226.7) | 0.108 | 286.7 (222.3) | 260.5 (221.5) | 0.230 | 257.4 (263.7) | 247.4 (225.9) | 0.301 | 0.458 | 0.789 |
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Sevillano-Jiménez, A.; Romero-Saldaña, M.; García-Rodríguez, M.; Molina-Luque, R.; Molina-Recio, G. Nutritional Impact and Eating Pattern Changes in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders after Health Education Program on Symbiotic Dietary Modulation Offered by Specialised Psychiatric Nursing–Two-Arm Randomised Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5388. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245388
Sevillano-Jiménez A, Romero-Saldaña M, García-Rodríguez M, Molina-Luque R, Molina-Recio G. Nutritional Impact and Eating Pattern Changes in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders after Health Education Program on Symbiotic Dietary Modulation Offered by Specialised Psychiatric Nursing–Two-Arm Randomised Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5388. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245388
Chicago/Turabian StyleSevillano-Jiménez, Alfonso, Manuel Romero-Saldaña, María García-Rodríguez, Rafael Molina-Luque, and Guillermo Molina-Recio. 2022. "Nutritional Impact and Eating Pattern Changes in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders after Health Education Program on Symbiotic Dietary Modulation Offered by Specialised Psychiatric Nursing–Two-Arm Randomised Clinical Trial" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5388. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245388