Bone Strength of the Calcaneus Is Associated with Dietary Calcium Intake in Older Japanese Men, but Not Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Assessment of Nutrient Intake
2.3. Measurement of Bone Strength
2.4. Assessment of Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of Characteristics between Low- and High-OSI Groups according to Sex
3.3. Interaction between Sex and Calcium Intake on the OSI
3.4. Multiple Regression Analysis of the Serum Calcium Concentrations as a Dependent Variable according to Sex
3.5. Multiple Regression Analysis of the OSI as a Dependent Variable according to Sex
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 314) | Male (n = 157) | Female (n = 157) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | p-Value | |
Age (y) | 71.9 | 6.0 | 71.7 | 5.8 | 72.1 | 6.2 | 0.49 |
Height (cm) | 155.2 | 14.8 | 162.5 | 13.1 | 147.9 | 12.8 | <0.01 |
Weight (kg) | 57.6 | 10.0 | 63.5 | 9.2 | 51.8 | 6.7 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 | 2.9 | 23.7 | 3.1 | 23.2 | 2.6 | 0.10 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 143 | 19 | 143 | 18 | 142 | 19 | 0.92 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 | 11 | 78 | 11 | 77 | 11 | 0.28 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 99.3 | 19.3 | 103.0 | 22.3 | 95.6 | 15.1 | <0.01 |
Serum calcium concentrations (mg/dL) | 9.31 | 0.32 | 9.29 | 0.31 | 9.33 | 0.33 | 0.20 |
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations (ng/mL) | 25.8 | 7.8 | 28.0 | 7.8 | 23.6 | 7.2 | <0.01 |
Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 47.8 | 18.2 | 45.1 | 17.0 | 50.5 | 19.0 | 0.01 |
CC/BW (cm/kg) | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.63 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
GS/BW (kgf/kg) | 0.51 | 0.11 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.08 | <0.01 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71.6 | 14.8 | 71.4 | 15.2 | 71.8 | 14.5 | 0.80 |
Osteo-sono assessment index | 2.54 | 0.36 | 2.75 | 0.34 | 2.34 | 0.23 | <0.01 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1899 | 625 | 2083 | 627 | 1715 | 567 | <0.01 |
Protein intake (g/1000 kcal) | 15.6 | 3.5 | 14.9 | 3.2 | 16.3 | 3.6 | <0.01 |
Fat intake (g/1000 kcal) | 24.0 | 6.1 | 22.4 | 5.8 | 25.6 | 5.9 | <0.01 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/1000 kcal) | 55.2 | 8.5 | 54.3 | 8.3 | 56.2 | 8.5 | 0.04 |
Vitamin D intake (μg/1000 kcal) | 9.4 | 5.9 | 8.8 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 6.1 | 0.09 |
Calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 321 | 119 | 297 | 113 | 346 | 119 | <0.01 |
Smoking status (n, %) | <0.01 | ||||||
Non-smoker | 168 | 54 | 27 | 17 | 141 | 90 | |
Ex-smoker | 107 | 34 | 98 | 62 | 9 | 6 | |
Current smoker | 39 | 12 | 32 | 20 | 7 | 4 | |
Drinking habit (n, %) | <0.01 | ||||||
Non-drinker | 180 | 57 | 49 | 31 | 131 | 83 | |
Less than 20 mg/day | 70 | 22 | 47 | 30 | 23 | 15 | |
20–40 mg/day | 61 | 19 | 58 | 37 | 3 | 2 | |
More than 40 mg/day | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Male | Female | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-OSI (n = 79) | High-OSI (n = 78) | Low-OSI (n = 76) | High-OSI (n = 81) | |||||||
Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | p-Value | Mean (n) | SD (%) | Mean (n) | SD (%) | p-Value | |
Age (y) | 73.2 | 6.3 | 70.1 | 4.7 | <0.01 | 73.2 | 6.9 | 71.1 | 5.3 | 0.04 |
Height (cm) | 161.0 | 17.4 | 164.1 | 6.0 | 0.14 | 148.2 | 5.6 | 147.6 | 17.0 | 0.77 |
Weight (kg) | 60.4 | 8.8 | 66.5 | 8.7 | <0.01 | 49.9 | 6.1 | 53.5 | 6.8 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 | 2.9 | 24.7 | 2.9 | <0.01 | 22.7 | 2.6 | 23.6 | 2.5 | 0.04 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 144 | 18 | 142 | 18 | 0.50 | 143 | 21 | 142 | 17 | 0.64 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 | 12 | 79 | 11 | 0.58 | 77 | 13 | 76 | 10 | 0.64 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 101.9 | 15.6 | 104.0 | 27.5 | 0.56 | 93.3 | 10.5 | 97.7 | 18.1 | 0.06 |
Serum calcium concentrations (mg/dL) | 9.28 | 0.33 | 9.29 | 0.30 | 0.78 | 9.31 | 0.34 | 9.36 | 0.33 | 0.36 |
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations (ng/mL) | 27.2 | 7.2 | 28.7 | 8.4 | 0.23 | 24.4 | 8.3 | 22.9 | 5.9 | 0.20 |
Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 46.4 | 18.5 | 43.8 | 15.2 | 0.34 | 51.7 | 20.5 | 49.4 | 17.4 | 0.44 |
CC/BW (cm/kg) | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
GS/BW (kgf/kg) | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.87 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.5 | 16.3 | 72.2 | 14.0 | 0.48 | 71.6 | 15.7 | 71.9 | 13.5 | 0.89 |
Osteo-sono assessment index | 2.49 | 0.16 | 3.01 | 0.27 | <0.01 | 2.15 | 0.10 | 2.51 | 0.18 | <0.01 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2016 | 590 | 2151 | 660 | 0.18 | 1745 | 598 | 1687 | 538 | 0.52 |
Protein intake (g/1000 kcal) | 14.8 | 2.9 | 15.1 | 3.6 | 0.58 | 16.2 | 3.6 | 16.4 | 3.7 | 0.78 |
Fat intake (g/1000 kcal) | 22.4 | 6.0 | 22.5 | 5.6 | 0.85 | 25.5 | 6.5 | 25.6 | 5.3 | 0.88 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/1000 kcal) | 55.5 | 8.2 | 53 | 8.4 | 0.06 | 56.6 | 9.4 | 55.9 | 7.7 | 0.62 |
Vitamin D intake (μg/1000 kcal) | 8.5 | 4.6 | 9.2 | 6.5 | 0.39 | 9.8 | 5.8 | 10.1 | 6.4 | 0.75 |
Calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 285 | 104 | 309 | 122 | 0.18 | 354 | 121 | 340 | 118 | 0.47 |
Smoking status (n, %) | 0.83 | 0.52 | ||||||||
Non-smoker | 15 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 69 | 91 | 72 | 89 | ||
Ex-smoker | 48 | 61 | 50 | 64 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 5 | ||
Current smoker | 16 | 20 | 16 | 21 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | ||
Drinking habit (n, %) | 0.27 | 0.63 | ||||||||
Non-drinker | 29 | 37 | 20 | 26 | 62 | 82 | 69 | 85 | ||
Less than 20 mg/day | 25 | 32 | 22 | 28 | 13 | 17 | 10 | 12 | ||
20–40 mg/day | 24 | 30 | 34 | 44 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||
More than 40 mg/day | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Low Calcium Intake | High Calcium Intake | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | Sex | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | p for Sex a | p for Calcium Intake Levels b | p for Interactions c |
OSI | Male | 2.61 | 0.04 | 2.72 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.28 | <0.01 |
Female | 2.44 | 0.04 | 2.39 | 0.03 |
Total | Male | Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Non-Standardized β | Standardized β | p-Value | Non-Standardized β | Standardized β | p-Value | Non-Standardized β | Standardized β | p-Value |
Age | −0.01 | −0.12 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.23 | −0.01 | −0.13 | 0.10 |
BMI | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.78 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.45 |
Drinking habits | −0.05 | −0.12 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.11 | 0.19 | −0.06 | −0.08 | 0.32 |
Smoking status | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.86 | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.36 |
Intact PTH | 0.00 | −0.20 | <0.01 | 0.00 | −0.23 | <0.01 | 0.00 | −0.17 | 0.03 |
Total | Male | Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Non-Standardized β | Standardized β | p-Value | Non-Standardized β | Standardized β | p-Value | Non-Standardized β | Standardized β | p-Value |
Age | −0.01 | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.26 | <0.01 | −0.01 | −0.31 | <0.01 |
BMI | 0.04 | 0.35 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.32 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.28 | <0.01 |
eGFR | 0.00 | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.73 | 0.00 | −0.23 | 0.02 |
Drinking habits | 0.07 | 0.16 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.35 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.73 |
Smoking status | 0.11 | 0.21 | <0.01 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
GS/BW | 0.76 | 0.25 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.55 | 0.19 | 0.04 |
Intact PTH | 0.00 | −0.12 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.09 | 0.22 | 0.00 | −0.11 | 0.16 |
Serum 25(OH)D | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.74 |
Calcium intake | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.24 | <0.01 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.27 |
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Suzuki, K.; Tsujiguchi, H.; Hara, A.; Miyagi, S.; Nguyen, T.T.T.; Kambayashi, Y.; Shimizu, Y.; Suzuki, F.; Takazawa, C.; Nakamura, M.; et al. Bone Strength of the Calcaneus Is Associated with Dietary Calcium Intake in Older Japanese Men, but Not Women. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245225
Suzuki K, Tsujiguchi H, Hara A, Miyagi S, Nguyen TTT, Kambayashi Y, Shimizu Y, Suzuki F, Takazawa C, Nakamura M, et al. Bone Strength of the Calcaneus Is Associated with Dietary Calcium Intake in Older Japanese Men, but Not Women. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245225
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuzuki, Keita, Hiromasa Tsujiguchi, Akinori Hara, Sakae Miyagi, Thao Thi Thu Nguyen, Yasuhiro Kambayashi, Yukari Shimizu, Fumihiko Suzuki, Chie Takazawa, Masaharu Nakamura, and et al. 2022. "Bone Strength of the Calcaneus Is Associated with Dietary Calcium Intake in Older Japanese Men, but Not Women" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245225