The Relationships between Parenting Practices and Child Health-Related Behaviors in Children with Intellectual Disability: The Moderating Role of Child Body Weight Status
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Background Characteristics of the Participants
2.2.2. Parenting Practices
2.2.3. Children’s Health-Related Behaviors
2.2.4. Child Body Weight Status
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | |
---|---|---|
Children’s characteristics | ||
Gender | ||
Male | 307 | 69.8 |
Female | 133 | 30.2 |
Age group | ||
6–12 years | 241 | 54.8 |
13–21 years | 199 | 45.2 |
ID level | ||
Mild (IQ: 55–69) | 309 | 72.4 |
Moderate (IQ: 35–54) | 118 | 27.6 |
Autism | ||
No | 170 | 38.9 |
Yes | 267 | 61.1 |
ADHD | ||
No | 289 | 66.1 |
Yes | 148 | 33.9 |
Down Syndrome | ||
No | 403 | 92.2 |
Yes | 34 | 7.8 |
Epilepsy | ||
No | 401 | 91.8 |
Yes | 36 | 8.2 |
Body weight status a | ||
Non-overweight/obese | 301 | 68.4 |
Overweight/obese | 139 | 31.6 |
Respondents’ characteristics | ||
Relationship with the children | ||
Mothers | 348 | 79.1 |
Fathers | 92 | 20.9 |
Age groups of the respondents | ||
<40 years | 94 | 21.8 |
40–49 years | 237 | 54.9 |
≥50 years | 101 | 23.4 |
Parental characteristics | ||
Paternal education | ||
Junior secondary and below | 128 | 29.7 |
Senior secondary | 161 | 37.4 |
College or above | 142 | 32.9 |
Maternal education | ||
Junior secondary and below | 125 | 29.0 |
Senior secondary | 188 | 43.6 |
College or above | 118 | 27.4 |
Paternal occupation | ||
Administrators and Professionals | 181 | 42.8 |
Others | 242 | 57.2 |
Maternal occupation | ||
Housewives | 214 | 49.9 |
Administrators and Professionals | 91 | 21.2 |
Others | 124 | 28.9 |
Parental marital status | ||
Married/cohabiting | 376 | 86.2 |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 60 | 13.8 |
Paternal obesity b | ||
No | 186 | 42.3 |
Yes | 200 | 45.5 |
Missing | 54 | 12.3 |
Maternal obesity b | ||
No | 297 | 67.5 |
Yes | 119 | 27.0 |
All (n = 440) | Child Body Weight Status | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Overweight/Obese (n = 301) | Overweight/Obese (n = 139) | |||
mean ± SD | mean ± SD | mean ± SD | p-value a | |
Subscale of parenting practices (averaged score range: 1–5) | ||||
Diet and PA monitoring (MO) | 3.73 ± 0.65 | 3.73 ± 0.63 | 3.73 ± 0.70 | 0.987 |
Restricting access to unhealthy food and sedentary behaviors (RA) | 3.68 ± 0.80 | 3.70 ± 0.80 | 3.64 ± 0.81 | 0.474 |
Pressure to eat more (PE) | 3.05 ± 0.65 | 3.18 ± 0.63 | 2.75 ± 0.61 | <0.001 *** |
Reinforcement (RF) | 4.25 ± 0.58 | 4.24 ± 0.59 | 4.27 ±0.57 | 0.669 |
Use food or sedentary behaviors as rewards (UR) | 3.13 ± 0.81 | 3.10 ± 0.85 | 3.18 ± 0.74 | 0.368 |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-value b | |
Unhealthy behaviors | ||||
Insufficient MVPA (<60 min/day) | 406 (93.8) | 280 (94.3) | 126 (92.6) | 0.525 |
More sedentary behaviors (≥4 h/day) | 196 (47.7) | 126 (44.5) | 70 (54.7) | 0.070 † |
Lower fruit consumption (<2 servings/day) | 331 (75.7) | 237 (79.3) | 94 (68.1) | 0.016 * |
Lower vegetable consumption (<3 servings/day) | 378 (86.5) | 261 (87.3) | 117 (84.8) | 0.547 |
Higher fried food consumption (≥once/day) | 86 (19.7) | 48 (16.1) | 38 (27.5) | 0.007 ** |
Higher sweetened drink consumption (≥once/day) | 200 (45.7) | 128 (42.7) | 72 (52.2) | 0.079 † |
Higher snack consumption (≥twice/day) | 104 (23.9) | 66 (22.1) | 38 (27.5) | 0.229 |
Breakfast skipping (≤6 times/week) | 89 (20.4) | 62 (20.8) | 27 (19.6) | 0.800 |
Insufficient MVPA (<60 min/day) | More Sedentary Behaviors (≥4 h/day) | Lower Fruit Consumption (<2 Servings/day) | Lower Vegetable Consumption (<3 Servings/day) | Higher Fried Food Consumption (≥Once/day) | Higher Sweetened Drink Consumption (≥Once/day) | Higher Snack Consumption (≥Twice/day) | Breakfast Skipping (≤6 Times/week) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children’s characteristics | ||||||||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.99 (0.42, 2.33) | 1.44 (0.94, 2.21) † | 1.28 (0.78, 2.08) | 1.19 (0.64, 2.20) | 0.76 (0.46, 1.30) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.25) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.91) * | 1.70 (1.04, 2.76) * |
Age group | ||||||||
6–12 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
13–21 years | 0.64 (0.29, 1.41) | 1.16 (0.79, 1.72) | 0.55 (0.35, 0.85) ** | 0.61 (0.35, 1.06) † | 1.13 (0.71, 1.82) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.46) | 0.51 (0.32, 0.81) ** | 1.33 (0.83, 2.12) |
Body weight status a | ||||||||
Non-overweight | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight/obese | 0.77 (0.34, 1.72) | 1.50 (0.99, 2.29) † | 0.56 (0.36, 0.88) * | 0.81 (0.46, 1.44) | 1.98 (1.22, 3.21) ** | 1.47 (0.98, 2.20) † | 1.34 (0.84, 2.12) | 0.93 (0.56, 1.53) |
ID level | ||||||||
Mild (IQ: 55–69) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Moderate (IQ: 35–54) | 3.16 (0.93, 10.73) † | 0.91 (0.59, 1.42) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.08) † | 0.61 (0.34, 1.09) † | 1.16 (0.68, 1.95) | 1.07 (0.70, 1.65) | 1.81 (1.12, 2.93) * | 0.96 (0.56, 1.63) |
Autism | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.44 (0.18, 1.12) † | 0.73 (0.49, 1.08) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.18) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.53) | 1.38 (0.84, 2.28) | 1.69 (1.14, 2.50) ** | 2.10 (1.29, 3.43) ** | 0.78 (0.49, 1.26) |
ADHD | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.24 (0.53, 2.90) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) | 0.61 (0.39, 0.95) * | 0.78 (0.44, 1.37) | 1.37 (0.84, 2.23) | 1.13 (0.76, 1.68) | 1.64 (1.04, 2.59) * | 0.88 (0.53, 1.45) |
Down Syndrome | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.32 (0.31, 17.64) | 1.62 (0.79, 3.29) | 1.93 (0.73, 5.11) | 0.90 (0.34, 2.43) | 0.11 (0.02, 0.83) * | 0.18 (0.07, 0.48) ** | -- | 0.83 (0.33, 2.07) |
Epilepsy | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | -- | 0.69 (0.33, 1.42) | 0.61 (0.29, 1.26) | 0.43 (0.19, 0.97) * | 1.62 (0.75, 3.51) | 0.83 (0.41, 1.65) | 0.62 (0.25, 1.53) | 0.77 (0.31, 1.91) |
Parental characteristics | ||||||||
Respondents’ relationship with the children | ||||||||
Mothers | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Fathers | 0.90 (0.35, 2.30) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.52) | 1.62 (0.90,2.93) | 1.52 (0.72, 3.21) | 1.40 (0.81, 2.43) | 1.00 (0.63, 1.59) | 1.00 (0.59, 1.72) | 1.54 (0.90, 2.64) |
Age group of the respondents | ||||||||
<40 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
40–49 years | 0.65 (0.21, 2.02) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.20) | 0.92 (0.51, 1.65) | 0.85 (0.40, 1.82) | 1.20 (0.64, 2.25) | 1.16 (0.72, 1.88) | 0.57 (0.34, 0.97) * | 1.30 (0.71, 2.39) |
≥50 years | 0.49 (0.14, 1.70) | 0.97 (0.54, 1.75) | 0.54 (0.28, 1.05) † | 0.57 (0.25, 1.31) | 1.28 (0.62, 2.63) | 0.67 (0.38, 1.19) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.67) ** | 0.98 (0.47, 2.04) |
Paternal education | ||||||||
Junior secondary and below | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Senior secondary | 1.48 (0.58, 3.75) | 0.74 (0.46, 1.21) | 1.01 (0.59, 1.74) | 0.74 (0.35, 1.57) | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) | 1.03 (0.64, 1.64) | 1.38 (0.78, 2.42) | 0.54 (0.31, 0.93) * |
College or above | 1.48 (0.57, 3.88) | 1.06 (0.65, 1.74) | 1.04 (0.59, 1.81) | 0.45 (0.22, 0.93) * | 0.77 (0.41, 1.42) | 0.72 (0.44, 1.16) | 1.36 (0.76, 2.42) | 0.31 (0.16, 0.58) *** |
Maternal education | ||||||||
Junior secondary and below | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Senior secondary | 0.70 (0.26, 1.90) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.71) | 0.92 (0.53, 1.59) | 0.67 (0.32, 1.43) | 1.04 (0.59, 1.82) | 1.15 (0.73, 1.80) | 1.42 (0.80, 2.51) | 0.46 (0.27, 0.79) ** |
College or above | 0.72 (0.24, 2.15) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.53) | 0.70 (0.39, 1.25) | 0.43 (0.20, 0.93) * | 0.74 (0.38, 1.43) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.08) † | 1.82 (0.99, 3.35) † | 0.28 (0.12, 0.48) *** |
Paternal occupation | ||||||||
Administrators and Professionals | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Others | 0.77 (0.34, 1.72) | 0.82 (0.55, 1.22) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.18) | 1.27 (0.72, 2.23) | 1.32 (0.80, 2.17) | 1.48 (1.00, 2.19) * | 0.71 (0.45, 1.11) | 2.01 (1.20, 3.37) ** |
Maternal occupation | ||||||||
Housewives | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Administrators and Professionals | 0.41 (0.16, 1.02) † | 0.69 (0.42, 1.15) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.38) | 0.71 (0.37, 1.39) | 1.00 (0.53, 1.91) | 1.03 (0.63, 1.69) | 1.29 (0.73, 2.27) | 0.49 (0.24, 1.00) † |
Others | 0.84 (0.31, 2.28) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.01) † | 1.14 (0.67, 1.93) | 1.20 (0.60, 2.37) | 1.59 (0.92, 2.72) † | 1.30 (0.83, 2.02) | 1.16 (0.68, 1.96) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.80) |
Parental marital status | ||||||||
Married/cohabiting | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 0.93 (0.31, 2.78) | 1.19 (0.67, 2.12) | 1.69 (0.82, 3.45) | 3.36 (1.02, 11.09) * | 1.48 (0.78, 2.80) | 0.83 (0.48, 1.44) | 0.88 (0.45, 1.69) | 1.39 (0.74, 2.64) |
Paternal obesity b | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.78 (0.35, 1.74) | 0.96 (0.63, 1.44) | 1.18 (0.74, 1.88) | 0.74 (0.41, 1.33) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.19) | 0.77 (0.52, 1.15) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.27) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.28) |
Missing | 3.18 (0.40, 25.22) | 1.08 (0.56, 2.10) | 1.21 (0.59, 2.48) | 1.06 (0.41, 2.78) | 1.20 (0.59, 2.46) | 0.76 (0.41, 1.40) | 0.46 (0.20, 1.05) † | 1.61 (0.81, 3.19) |
Maternal obesity b | ||||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.60 (0.26, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.72) | 0.89 (0.55, 1.47) | 0.78 (0.43, 1.44) | 2.32 (1.40, 3.85) ** | 1.28 (0.83, 1.97) | 1.19 (0.73, 1.93) | 1.41 (0.84, 2.37) |
More Sedentary Behaviors (≥4 h/day) | Lower Fruit Consumption (<2 Servings/day) | Lower Vegetable Consumption (<3 Servings/day) | Higher Fried Food Consumption (≥Once/day) | Higher Sweetened Drink Consumption (≥Once/day) | Higher Snack Consumption (≥Twice/day) | Breakfast Skipping (≤6 Times/week) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main effects | |||||||
Body weight status of the children | |||||||
Non-overweight/obese | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight/obese | 1.51 (1.02, 2.24) * | 0.65 (0.43, 0.99) * | 0.81 (0.46, 1.42) | 1.96 (1.24, 3.12) ** | 1.73 (1.16, 2.57) ** | 1.56 (1.01, 2.41) * | 0.86 (0.52, 1.42) |
Parenting practices | |||||||
MO | 0.80 (0.50, 1.28) | 0.62 (0.37, 1.05) | 0.58 (0.27, 1.24) | 0.59 (0.33, 1.5) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.04) | 0.73 (0.43, 1.24) | 0.58 (0.33, 1.03) |
RA | 1.38 (0.93, 2.04) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.78) | 0.71 (0.38, 1.33) | 0.63 (0.40, 1.00) * | 0.64 (0.43, 0.96) * | 0.90 (0.59, 1.38) | 0.69 (0.43, 1.01) |
PE | 1.01 (0.75, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.74, 1.45) | 1.19 (0.75, 1.88) | 1.05 (0.71, 1.56) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.40) | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) | 1.14 (0.77, 1.70) |
RF | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.41) | 0.96 (0.58,1.57) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.22) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.68, 1.37) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.39) |
UR | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.17) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.21) | 1.43 (1.04, 1.95) * | 1.51 (1.18, 1.94) ** | 1.60 (1.21, 2.11) ** | 1.28 (0.93, 1.75) * |
Interactions | |||||||
Body weight status * RA | -- | -- | -- | 0.33 (0.12, 0.96) * | 0.32 (0.12, 0.88) * | -- | 0.19 (0.06, 0.63) * |
Body weight status * UR | -- | -- | 2.34 (1.10, 5.00) * | 2.33 (1.07, 4.20) * | -- | -- | -- |
Non-Overweight/Obese Children | Overweight/Obese Children | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI) | p Value | AOR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Lower vegetable consumption (<3 servings/day) | ||||
UR | 0.68 (0.44, 0.98) | 0.040 * | 1.58 (0.83, 3.02) | 0.170 |
Higher fried food consumption (≥ once/day) | ||||
RA | 0.89 (0.51, 1.57) | 0.700 | 0.28 (0.11, 0.71) | 0.007 ** |
UR | 1.15 (0.79, 1.68) | 0.460 | 2.50 (1.36, 4.60) | 0.003 ** |
Higher sweetened drink consumption (≥ once/day) | ||||
RA | 0.83 (0.52, 1.31) | 0.410 | 0.24 (0.09, 0.64) | 0.004 ** |
Breakfast skipping (≤6 times/week) | ||||
RA | 1.01 (0.59, 1.75) | 0.960 | 0.17 (0.06, 0.55) | 0.003 ** |
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Sun, Y.; Supriya, R.; Gao, Y.; Yu, S.; Wang, A.; Ou, X.; Tao, D.; Baker, J.S. The Relationships between Parenting Practices and Child Health-Related Behaviors in Children with Intellectual Disability: The Moderating Role of Child Body Weight Status. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5206. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245206
Sun Y, Supriya R, Gao Y, Yu S, Wang A, Ou X, Tao D, Baker JS. The Relationships between Parenting Practices and Child Health-Related Behaviors in Children with Intellectual Disability: The Moderating Role of Child Body Weight Status. Nutrients. 2022; 14(24):5206. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245206
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Yan, Rashmi Supriya, Yang Gao, Siyue Yu, Aiwei Wang, Xiaoting Ou, Dan Tao, and Julien S. Baker. 2022. "The Relationships between Parenting Practices and Child Health-Related Behaviors in Children with Intellectual Disability: The Moderating Role of Child Body Weight Status" Nutrients 14, no. 24: 5206. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245206