Longitudinal Associations of Adherence to the Dietary World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD) Recommendations with Plasma Kynurenines in Colorectal Cancer Survivors after Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Dietary Intake
2.4. Blood Collection
2.5. Sociodemographic, Clinical and Lifestyle Variables
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Intake and Metabolites and Ratios of the Kynurenine Pathway
3.3. Longitudinal Associations of Adherence to Dietary WCRF/AICR and DHD Recommendations with Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway and Metabolite Ratios
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total, n = 247 * | |
---|---|
Sex (male), n (%) | 170 (68.8) |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 66.7 (9.1) |
Cancer location, n (%) | |
Colon | 151 (61.1) |
Rectum | 96 (38.9) |
Cancer stage, n (%) | |
Stage I | 80 (32.4) |
Stage II | 58 (23.5) |
Stage III | 109 (44.1) |
Cancer treatment, n (%) | |
Surgery (yes) | 221 (89.5) |
Chemotherapy (yes) | 93 (37.7) |
Radiotherapy (yes) | 68 (27.5) |
Number of comorbidities, n (%) | |
0 comorbidities | 50 (20.2) |
1 comorbidity | 60 (24.3) |
≥2 comorbidities | 137 (55.5) |
Stoma (yes), n (%) | 78 (31.7) |
BMI (kg m²), mean (SD) | 27.8 (4.4) |
Educational level, n (%) | |
Low | 62 (25.2) |
Medium | 98 (39.8) |
High | 86 (35.0) |
Smoking status, n (%) | |
Never | 83 (33.9) |
Former | 140 (57.1) |
Current | 22 (8.9) |
Physical activity, median (IQR) | |
LPA (hours/week) | 7.0 (12.5) |
MVPA (hours/week) | 7.2 (11.7) |
Total PA (hours/week) | 18.3 (21.0) |
Total energy intake (kcal/week), mean (SD) | 14,687.0 (3633.3) |
Creatinine (µmol/L), mean (SD) | 83.6 (18.8) |
Neopterin (nmol/L), median (IQR) | 15.9 (10.7) |
6 Weeks Post-Treatment (n = 247) | 6 Months Post-Treatment (n = 199) | 12 Months Post-Treatment (n = 162) | |
---|---|---|---|
WCRF/AICR diet score | 1.9 (0.7) | 2.1 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.7) |
Fruit, vegetable and fibre intake | |||
Fruit intake (g/day) | 119.1 (86.8) | 123.3 (93.0) | 108.8 (90.5) |
Vegetable intake (g/day) | 133.7 (71.8) | 135.4 (73.5) | 130.8 (69.2) |
Dietary fibre intake (g/day) | 21.0 (5.9) | 21.0 (6.4) | 21.1 (6.1) |
Alcohol intake (g/day) | 13.6 (18.6) | 13.0 (19.2) | 14.5 (19.3) |
Sugar-sweetened drinks (g/day) | 135.8 (147.4) | 107.0 (134.9) | 101.2 (114.9) |
UPF (% energy) | 35.1 (10.9) | 33.2 (10.3) | 33.3 (9.8) |
Meat intake | |||
Red meat intake (g/week) | 614.0 (311.5) | 600.0 (278.8) | 611.8 (312.1) |
Processed meat intake (g/week) | 326.7 (209.2) | 312.5 (190.1) | 323.8 (228.5) |
DHD total score | 60.7 (14.8) | 62.2 (13.7) | 61.3 (15.4) |
Fruit intake (g/day) | 117.5 (86.9) | 122.2 (92.8) | 107.0 (89.7) |
Vegetable intake (g/day) | 135.2 (71.6) | 136.7 (72.4) | 131.2 (70.2) |
Legumes intake (g/day) | 2.1 (8.0) | 5.0 (15.0) | 2.6 (8.2) |
Nuts intake (g/day) | 3.0 (7.2) | 3.6 (7.8) | 3.0 (7.2) |
Grain intake | |||
Wholegrain intake (g/day) | 113.6 (63.3) | 120.6 (64.4) | 122.8 (62.0) |
Refined grain intake (g/day) | 80.8 (52.2) | 71.0 (48.1) | 77.0 (51.3) |
Alcohol intake (g/day) | 13.6 (18.6) | 13.0 (19.2) | 14.5 (19.3) |
Dairy intake | |||
Dairy intake (g/day) | 187.1 (160.2) | 165.9 (139.8) | 157.0 (128.3) |
Cheese intake (g/day) | 28.4 (20.6) | 28.5 (22.2) | 28.0 (18.8) |
Fish intake | |||
Fatty fish intake (g/day) | 11.0 (20.4) | 9.3 (14.1) | 7.9 (11.6) |
Lean fish intake (g/day) | 11.5 (14.7) | 9.8 (15.6) | 10.6 (18.2) |
Tea intake (g/day) | 209.8 (255.3) | 209.4 (270.4) | 216.0 (265.2) |
Fat intake | |||
Hard fats intake (g/day) | 8.3 (11.1) | 9.6 (12.7) | 8.9 (12.3) |
Soft fats intake (g/day) | 22.1 (14.9) | 19.2 (13.5) | 21.6 (13.9) |
Meat intake | |||
Red meat intake (g/day) | 35.2 (26.4) | 37.5 (27.0) | 35.7 (27.3) |
Processed meat intake (g/day) | 49.6 (32.7) | 48.0 (29.0) | 50.8 (36.0) |
Sweetened beverages and fruit juices (g/day) | 106.8 (134.2) | 79.4 (112.2) | 72.4 (97.3) |
6 Weeks Post-Treatment (n = 247) | 6 Months Post-Treatment (n = 199) | 12 Months Post-Treatment (n = 162) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tryptophan (µmol/L) | 65.7 (11.7) | 67.4 (13.1) | 68.1 (11.8) | 0.014 * |
Kynurenine (µmol/L) | 2.0 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.4) | 0.005 * |
3-Hydroxykynurenine (nmol/L) 1 | 58.2 (31.2) | 53.7 (26.3) | 51.5 (24.8) | 0.050 |
Kynurenic acid (nmol/L) | 57.9 (26.5) | 63.9 (28.8) | 67.1 (32.9) | <0.001 * |
Xanthurenic acid (nmol/L) | 14.4 (8.1) | 15.9 (7.5) | 16.9 (8.6) | <0.001 * |
Anthranilic acid (nmol/L) 1 | 16.8 (5.9) | 17.5 (5.9) | 17.9 (8.4) | 0.084 |
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (nmol/L) 1 | 44.8 (14.4) | 43.9 (14.9) | 44.2 (14.5) | 0.321 |
Picolinic acid (nmol/L) | 36.7 (15.6) | 37.5 (13.7) | 38.8 (15.8) | 0.010 * |
Quinolinic acid (nmol/L) | 628.6 (389.9) | 609.8 (434.2) | 539.2 (274.5) | <0.001 * |
KTR | 31.2 (10.1) | 29.8 (11.3) | 28.4 (8.2) | <0.001 * |
HKr | 0.45 (0.23) | 0.39 (0.14) | 0.36 (0.13) | <0.001 * |
HAA/HK ratio | 0.88 (0.33) | 0.93 (0.48) | 0.95 (0.35) | 0.001 * |
KA/QA ratio | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.05) | <0.001 * |
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Holthuijsen, D.D.B.; Bours, M.J.L.; Roekel, E.H.v.; Breukink, S.O.; Janssen-Heijnen, M.L.G.; Keulen, E.T.P.; Ueland, P.M.; Midttun, Ø.; Brezina, S.; Gigic, B.; et al. Longitudinal Associations of Adherence to the Dietary World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD) Recommendations with Plasma Kynurenines in Colorectal Cancer Survivors after Treatment. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235151
Holthuijsen DDB, Bours MJL, Roekel EHv, Breukink SO, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Keulen ETP, Ueland PM, Midttun Ø, Brezina S, Gigic B, et al. Longitudinal Associations of Adherence to the Dietary World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD) Recommendations with Plasma Kynurenines in Colorectal Cancer Survivors after Treatment. Nutrients. 2022; 14(23):5151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235151
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolthuijsen, Daniëlle D. B., Martijn J. L. Bours, Eline H. van Roekel, Stéphanie O. Breukink, Maryska L. G. Janssen-Heijnen, Eric T. P. Keulen, Per M. Ueland, Øivind Midttun, Stefanie Brezina, Biljana Gigic, and et al. 2022. "Longitudinal Associations of Adherence to the Dietary World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and Dutch Healthy Diet (DHD) Recommendations with Plasma Kynurenines in Colorectal Cancer Survivors after Treatment" Nutrients 14, no. 23: 5151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235151