Impact of Zinc, Vitamins C and D on Disease Prognosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Study Area and Population
2.3. Data collection Tools and Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Distribution of the Participants
3.2. Frequency Distribution of Vitamins and Supplements among COVID-19-Positive Participants
3.3. Association of Medicine and Vitamin Uptake with Socio-Demographic Factors
3.4. Impact of Vitamins and Supplementation with COVID-19 Infection
3.5. Impact of Vitamins and Supplementation on the Outcome of COVID-19
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Male | Female | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Study population | 67.6% (650/962) | 32.4% (312/962) | 100.0% (962/962) |
Age | |||
5–9 | 25.0% (1/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 0.4% (4/962) |
10–19 | 47.8% (22/46) | 52.2% (24/46) | 4.8% (46/962) |
20–29 | 61.4% (239/389) | 38.6% (150/389) | 40.4% (389/962) |
30–39 | 77.8% (144/185) | 22.2% (41/185) | 19.2% (185/962) |
40–49 | 78.7% (122/155) | 21.3% (33/155) | 16.1% (155/962) |
50–59 | 67.0% (71/106) | 33.0% (35/106) | 11.0% (106/962) |
60–69 | 60.7% (37/61) | 39.3% (24/61) | 6.3% (61/962) |
Above 70 | 87.5% (14/16) | 12.5% (2/16) | 1.7% (16/962) |
Monthly income (Thousands in taka) | |||
Less than 10 | 54.0% (102/189) | 46.0% (87/189) | 19.6% (189/962) |
10–29 | 73.2% (101/138) | 26.8% (37/138) | 14.3% (138/962) |
30–49 | 80.6% (100/124) | 19.4% (24/124) | 12.9% (124/962) |
50–79 | 76.0% (38/50) | 24.0% (12/50) | 5.2% (50/962) |
More than 80 | 79.2% (19/24) | 20.8% (5/24) | 2.5% (24/962) |
Not applicable | 66.4% (290/437) | 33.6% (147/437) | 45.4% (437/962) |
Residence | |||
Village | 73.6% (39/53) | 26.4% (14/53) | 5.5% (53/962) |
District town | 70.4% (107/152) | 29.6% (45/152) | 15.8% (152/962) |
Divisional city | 66.6% (504/757) | 33.4% (253/757) | 78.7% (757/962) |
Access to health services | |||
Less | 73.6% (39/53) | 26.4% (14/53) | 5.5% (53/962) |
Moderate | 70.4% (107/152) | 29.6% (45/152) | 15.8% (152/962) |
Better | 66.6% (504/757) | 33.4% (253/757) | 78.7% (757/962) |
Occupation | |||
Physician | 57.9% (11/19) | 42.1% (8/19) | 2.0% (19/962) |
Teacher | 48.6% (18/37) | 51.4% (19/37) | 3.8% (37/962) |
Researcher | 100.0% (5/5) | 0.0% (0/5) | 0.5% (5/962) |
Farmer | 100.0% (2/2) | 0.0% (0/2) | 0.2% (2/962) |
Nurse | 24.1% (7/29) | 75.9% (22/29) | 3.0% (29/962) |
Student | 54.8% (176/321) | 45.2% (145/321) | 33.4% (321/962) |
Journalist | 100.0% (3/3) | 0.0% (0/3) | 0.3% (3/962) |
Lawyer | 0.0% (0/1) | 100.0% (1/1) | 0.1% (1/962) |
Police | 79.2% (19/24) | 20.8% (5/24) | 2.5% (24/962) |
Banker | 81.3% (26/32) | 18.8% (6/32) | 3.3% (32/962) |
Administrative Officer | 100.0% (7/7) | 0.0% (0/7) | 0.7% (7/962) |
Private employee | 96.1% (195/203) | 3.9% (8/203) | 21.1% (203/962) |
Rickshaw driver/Van driver/Car driver | 100.0% (24/24) | 0.0% (0/24) | 2.5% (24/962) |
Businessman | 94.2% (49/52) | 5.8% (3/52) | 5.4% (52/962) |
Government employee | 65.7% (23/35) | 34.3% (12/35) | 3.6% (35/962) |
Others | 50.6% (85/168) | 49.4% (83/168) | 17.5% (168/962) |
Variables | Vitamin C | Vitamin D | Zinc | Medicines Taken for Treatment of COVID-19 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Paracetamol 500 mg | Fexofenadine Hydrochloride 120 mg | Antibiotics | Montelukast Sodium 10 mg | Remdesivir 200 mg | None | |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 52.7% (168/319) | 47.3% (151/319) | 52.7% (168/319) | 47.3% (151/319) | 48.6% (155/319) | 51.4% (164/319) | 74.6% (238/319) | 48.3% (154/319) | 59.9% (191/319) | 37.0% (118/319) | 11.3% (36/319) | 9.1% (29/319) |
Female | 59.8% (110/184) | 40.2% (74/184) | 59.8% (110/184) | 40.2% (74/184) | 45.7% (84/184) | 54.3% (100/184) | 66.8% (123/184) | 40.2% (74/184) | 54.3% (100/184) | 36.4% (67/184) | 7.6% (14/184) | 10.3% (19/184) |
Age in years | ||||||||||||
5–9 | 75.0% (3/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 25.0% (1/4) |
10–19 | 72.1% (31/43) | 27.9% (12/43) | 72.1% (31/43) | 27.9% (12/43) | 46.5% (20/43) | 53.5% (23/43) | 39.5% (17/43) | 18.6% (8/43) | 16.3% (7/43) | 9.3% (4/43) | 2.3% (1/43) | 4.7% (2/43) |
20–29 | 48.8% (83/170) | 51.2% (87/170) | 48.8% (83/170) | 51.2% (87/170) | 49.4% (84/170) | 50.6% (86/170) | 57.6% (98/170) | 31.8% (54/170) | 37.6% (64/170) | 20.0% (34/170) | 5.3% (9/170) | 10.6% (18/170) |
30–39 | 50.5% (52/103) | 49.5% (51/103) | 50.5% (52/103) | 49.5% (51/103) | 52.4% (54/103) | 47.6% (49/103) | 82.5% (85/)103 | 54.4% (56/103) | 70.9% (73/103) | 44.7% (46/103) | 7.8% (8/103) | 3.9% (4/103) |
40–49 | 56.4% (44/78) | 43.6% (34/78) | 56.4% (44/78) | 43.6% (34/78) | 46.2% (36/78) | 53.8% (42/78) | 82.1% (64/78) | 57.7% (45/78) | 67.9% (53/78) | 50.0% (39/78) | 15.4% (12/78) | 9.0% (7/78) |
50–59 | 61.8% (34/55) | 38.2% (21/55) | 61.8% (34/55) | 38.2% (21/55) | 45.5% (25/55) | 54.5% (30/55) | 92.7% (51/55) | 56.4% (31/55) | 89.1% (49/55) | 49.1% (27/55) | 7.3% (4/55) | 16.4% (9/55) |
60–69 | 60.5% (26/43) | 39.5% (17/43) | 60.5% (26/43) | 39.5% (17/43) | 32.6% (14/43) | 67.4% (29/43) | 86.0% (37/43) | 65.1% (28/43) | 90.7% (39/43) | 67.4% (29/43) | 25.6% (11/43) | 14.0% (6/43) |
Above 70 | 71.4% (5/7) | 28.6% (2/7) | 71.4% (5/7) | 28.6% (2/7) | 71.4% (5/7) | 28.6% (2/7) | 85.7% (6/7) | 85.7% (6/7) | 71.4% (5/7) | 85.7% (6/7) | 71.4% (5/7) | 14.3% (1/7) |
Duration of supplementation | ||||||||||||
7 days | 22.3% (62/278) | - | 22.3% (62/278) | - | 18.4% (44/239) | - | 19.9% (72/361) | 20.2% (46/228) | 17.5% (51/291) | 11.9% (22/185) | 16.0% (8/50) | 29.2% (14/48) |
14 days | 34.2% (95/278) | - | 34.2% (95/278) | - | 28.0% (67/239) | - | 43.2% (156/361) | 39.9% (91/228) | 39.5% (115/291) | 42.7% (79/185) | 26.0% (13/50) | 37.5% (18/48) |
21 days | 10.4% (29/278) | - | 10.4% (29/278) | - | 18.0% (43/239) | - | 14.4% (52/361) | 15.8% (36/228) | 15.5% (45/291) | 16.2% (30/185) | 22.0% (11/50) | 8.3% (4/48) |
1 month | 21.2% (59/278) | - | 21.2% (59/278) | - | 22.6% (54/239) | - | 18.0% (65/361) | 18.0% (41/228) | 19.6% (57/291) | 22.7% (42/185) | 20.0% (10/50) | 10.4% (5/48) |
2 months | 5.4% (15/278) | - | 5.4% (15/278) | - | 5.9% (14/239) | - | 1.9% (7/361) | 3.1% (7/228) | 3.4% (10/291) | 2.2% (4/185) | 6.0% (3/50) | 6.3% (3/48) |
More than 2 months | 6.5% (18/278) | - | 6.5% (18/278) | - | 7.1% (17/239) | - | 2.5% (9/361) | 3.1% (7/228) | 4.5% (13/291) | 4.3% (8/185) | 10.0% (5/50) | 8.3% (4/48) |
Times required to recover from the onset of the taking of vitamins and medicine | ||||||||||||
1–5 days | 45.9% (73/159) | 54.1% (86/159) | 45.9% (73/159) | 54.1% (86/159) | 42.1% (67/159) | 57.9% (92/159) | 67.3% (107/159) | 45.9% (73/159) | 51.6% (82/159) | 28.3% (45/159) | 6.9% (11/159) | 7.5% (12/159) |
7–14 days | 55.7% (141/253) | 44.3% (112/253) | 55.7% (141/253) | 44.3% (112/253) | 47.8% (121/253) | 52.2% (132/253) | 77.1% (195/253) | 44.3% (112/253) | 59.3% (150/253) | 38.3% (97/253) | 10.3% (26/253) | 9.1% (23/253) |
15–30 days | 68.1% (47/69) | 31.9% (22/69) | 68.1% (47/69) | 31.9% (22/69) | 56.5% (39/69) | 43.5% (30/69) | 63.8% (44/69) | 44.9% (31/69) | 69.6% (48/69) | 46.4% (32/69) | 10.1% (7/69) | 13.0% (9/69) |
No decrease | 77.3% (17/22) | 22.7% (5/22) | 77.3% (17/22) | 22.7% (5/22) | 54.5% (12/22) | 45.5% (10/22) | 68.2% (15/22) | 54.5% (12/22) | 50.0% (11/22) | 50.0% (11/22) | 27.3% (6/22) | 18.2% (4/22) |
Symptoms | ||||||||||||
Fever | 52.8% (198/375) | 47.2% (177/375) | 52.8% (198/375) | 47.2% (177/375) | 38.7% (145/375) | 61.3% (230/375) | 81.9% (307/375) | 47.7% (179/375) | 63.7% (239/375) | 43.5% (163/375) | 10.4% (39/375) | 4.0% (15/375) |
Dry Cough | 55.5% (101/182) | 44.5% (81/182) | 55.5% (101/182) | 44.5% (81/182) | 45.6% (83/182) | 54.4% (99/182) | 79.7% (145/182) | 61.5% (112/182) | 67.6% (123/182) | 56.6% (103/182) | 15.9% (29/182) | 3.8% (7/182) |
Loss of taste or smell | 58.4% (101/173) | 41.6% (72/173) | 58.4% (101/173) | 41.6% (72/173) | 49.1% (85/173) | 50.9% (88/173) | 76.3% (132/173) | 49.7% (86/173) | 68.8% (119/173) | 41.6% (72/173) | 13.3% (23/173) | 4.0% (7/173) |
Fatigue | 57.0% (65/114) | 43.0% (49/114) | 57.0% (65/114) | 43.0% (49/114) | 44.7% (51/114) | 55.3% (63/114) | 80.7% (92/114) | 57.9% (66/114) | 64.0% (73/114) | 48.2% (55/114) | 13.2% (15/114) | 2.6% (3/114) |
Body aches | 54.7% (75/137) | 45.3% (62/137) | 54.7% (75/137) | 45.3% (62/137) | 40.1% (55/137) | 59.9% (82/137) | 82.5% (113/137) | 59.9% (82/137) | 63.5% (87/137) | 43.1% (59/137) | 11.7% (16/137) | 2.9% (4/137) |
Sore throat | 68.2% (60/88) | 31.8% (28/88) | 68.2% (60/88) | 31.8% (28/88) | 60.2% (53/88) | 39.8% (35/88) | 76.1% (67/88) | 53.4% (47/88) | 63.6% (56/88) | 53.4% (47/88) | 18.2% (16/88) | 1.1% (1/88) |
Shortness of breath | 59.2% (58/98) | 40.8% (40/98) | 59.2% (58/98) | 40.8% (40/98) | 40.8% (40/98) | 59.2% (58/98) | 80.6% (79/98) | 58.2% (57/98) | 62.2% (61/98) | 70.4% (69/98) | 26.5% (26/98) | 1.0% (1/98) |
Chest pain or pressure | 54.1% (20/37) | 45.9% (17/37) | 54.1% (20/37) | 45.9% (17/37) | 54.1% (20/37) | 45.9% (17/37) | 78.4% (29/37) | 51.4% (19/37) | 54.1% (20/37) | 59.5% (22/37) | 29.7% (11/37) | 2.7% (1/37) |
Diarrhea | 54.1% (20/37) | 45.9% (17/37) | 54.1% (20/37) | 45.9% (17/37) | 48.6% (18/37) | 51.4% (19/37) | 64.9% (24/37) | 43.2% (16/37) | 62.2% (23/37) | 51.4% (19/37) | 18.9% (7/37) | 8.1% (3/37) |
Loss of speech or movement | 66.7% (16/24) | 33.3% (8/24) | 66.7% (16/24) | 33.3% (8/24) | 70.8% (17/24) | 29.2% (7/24) | 70.8% (17/24) | 62.5% (15/24) | 70.8% (17/24) | 62.5% (15/24) | 41.7% (10/24) | 4.2% (1/24) |
Inflammation of the eye | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 25.0% (1/4) |
Rash | 66.7% (2/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 66.7% (2/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 100.0% (3/3) | 0.0% (0/3) | 0.0% (0/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 0.0% (0/3) | 33.3% (1/3) |
No symptoms | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 75.0% (3/4) |
Duration of symptoms | ||||||||||||
7–14 days | 54.6% (191/350) | 45.4% (159/350) | 54.6% (191/350) | 45.4% (159/350) | 45.4% (159/350) | 54.6% (191/350) | 72.3% (253/350) | 44.6% (156/350) | 55.4% (194/350) | 36.9% (129/350) | 9.7% (34/350) | 10.0% (35/350) |
15–28 days | 56.4% (75/133) | 43.6% (58/133) | 56.4% (75/133) | 43.6% (58/133) | 50.4% (67/133) | 49.6% (66/133) | 69.2% (92/133) | 44.4% (59/133) | 63.9% (85/133) | 36.8% (49/133) | 9.8% (13/133) | 7.5% (10/133) |
1–2 months | 58.8% (10/17) | 41.2% (7/17) | 58.8% (10/17) | 41.2% (7/17) | 64.7% (11/17) | 35.3% (6/17) | 76.5% (13/17) | 64.7% (11/17) | 58.8% (10/17) | 35.3% (6/17) | 11.8% (2/17) | 17.6% (3/17) |
More than 2 months | 66.7% (2/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 66.7% (2/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 66.7% (2/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 100.0% (3/3) | 66.7% (2/3) | 66.7% (2/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 33.3% (1/3) | 0.0% (0/3) |
Severity of symptoms | ||||||||||||
No Symptoms | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 50.0% (2/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 75.0% (3/4) | 100.0% (4/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 25.0% (1/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 0.0% (0/4) | 0.0% (0/4) |
Mild Symptoms | 53.9% (241/447) | 46.1% (206/447) | 53.9% (241/447) | 46.1% (206/447) | 46.3% (207/447) | 53.7% (240/447) | 70.0% (313/447) | 44.7% (200/447) | 56.6% (253/447) | 35.6% (159/447) | 7.6% (34/447) | 10.7% (48/447) |
Severe Symptoms | 67.3% (35/52) | 32.7% (17/52) | 67.3% (35/52) | 32.7% (17/52) | 59.6% (31/52) | 40.4% (21/52) | 84.6% (44/52) | 51.9% (27/52) | 71.2% (37/52) | 50.0% (26/52) | 30.8% (16/52) | 0.0% (0/52) |
Outcome of the infection | ||||||||||||
Death | 36.4% (4/11) | 36.4% (4/11) | 36.4% (4/11) | 63.6% (7/11) | 45.5% (5/11 | 54.5% (6/11) | 81.8% (9/11) | 63.6% (7/11) | 54.5% (6/11) | 45.5% (5/11) | 18.2% (2/11) | 0.0%(0/11) |
Recovery | 55.1% (271/492) | 44.9% (221/492) | 55.1% (271/492) | 44.9% (221/492) | 52.6% (259/492) | 47.4% (233/492) | 71.5% (352/492) | 44.9% (221/492) | 57.9% (285/492) | 36.6% (180/492) | 9.8% (48/492) | 9.8% (48/492) |
Variables | Medication | Vitamin C | Vitamin D | Zinc | Vitamin and Supplementation from Foods and Fruits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.002 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
Sex | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.34 |
Occupation | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.002 | 0.35 | 0.04 |
Residence | 0.001 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.05 |
Monthly income | 0.037 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
COVID-19 infection status | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
Symptoms | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.015 |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|
Age above 40 years | 3.87 (1.91–5.84) | 0.0001 |
Male | 2.51 (1.21–4.67) | 0.03 |
Taking vitamin C only as medication | 0.34 (0.042–0.57) | 0.003 |
Taking vitamin D only as medication | 0.51 (0.014–0.76) | 0.001 |
Taking zinc only as medication | 0.72 (0.16–1.85) | 0.005 |
Taking vitamin C and D as medication | 0.04 (0.01–0.17) | 0.00001 |
Taking vitamin C, D and zinc as medication | 0.006 (0.03–0.11) | 0.004 |
Increased eating of vitamin C-enriched foods | 0.97 (0.51–1.85) | 0.09 |
Increased eating of vitamin D-enriched foods | 0.84 (0.01–0.17) | 0.67 |
Taking supplements without medicine | 0.02 (0.001–0.6) | 0.02 |
Taking medicines without supplements | 0.07 (0.01–0.94) | 0.03 |
Taking both medicines and supplements | 0.01 (0.006–0.09) | 0.001 |
Taking only supplements as medication for 7 days or less | 0.05 (0.01–0.67) | 0.0007 |
Taking only supplements as medication for 7–14 days | 0.001 (0.03–0.09) | 0.0005 |
Taking only supplements as medication for more than 14 days | 0.43 (0.14–0.97) | 0.00005 |
No Symptoms | 0.6 (0.23–1.73) | 0.000001 |
Mild Symptoms | 0.02 (0.03–0.6) | 0.0001 |
Severe Symptoms | 0.43 (0.1–0.9) | 0.0004 |
Better access to health facilities | 0.01 (0.001–0.2) | 0.31 |
High income | 1.8 (0.4–3.47) | 0.0006 |
Symptoms prevailing >14 days | 1.92 (0.57–4.28) | 0.008 |
More than three symptoms | 0.7 (0.24–1.8) | 0.03 |
RT-qPCR confirmed cases | .03 (0.01–0.4) | 0.00001 |
Non-confirmed suspected cases | 0.07 (0.02–0.6) | 0.0007 |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|
Age above 40 years | 5.61 (2.91–7.14) | 0.05 |
Male | 2.51 (1.21–4.67) | 0.02 |
Taking vitamin C only | 0.54 (0.01–0.92) | 0.001 |
Taking vitamin D only | 0.72 (0.3–0.98) | 0.001 |
Taking zinc only | 0.6 (0.11–1.2) | 0.0001 |
Taking vitamin C and D | 0.01 (0.001–0.09) | 0.00001 |
Taking vitamin C, D and zinc | 0.03 (0.01–0.22) | 0.005 |
Increased eating of vitamin C-enriched foods | 0.95 (0.72–2.52) | 0.09 |
Increased eating of vitamin D-enriched foods | 1.07 (0.68–2.9) | 0.87 |
Taking supplements without medicine | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0.005 |
Taking medicines without supplements | 0.01 (0.008–0.07) | 0.001 |
Taking both medicines and supplements | 0.002 (0.001–0.009) | 0.005 |
Taking only supplements for 7 days or less | 0.6 (0.1–1.9) | 0.54 |
Taking only supplements for 7–14 days | 0.1 (0.01–0.8) | 0.04 |
Taking only supplements for more than 14 days | 0.23 (0.1–0.9) | 0.05 |
Better access to health facilities | 0.03 (0.01–0.6) | 0.007 |
High income | 0.4 (0.1–1.9) | 0.001 |
More than three symptoms | 3.9 (1.01–6.8) | 0.05 |
RT-qPCR confirmed cases | 1.9 (1.1–5.4) | 0.001 |
Non-confirmed suspected cases | 0.4 (0.2–0.96) | 0.001 |
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Sharif, N.; Opu, R.R.; Khan, A.; Alzahrani, K.J.; Banjer, H.J.; Alzahrani, F.M.; Haque, N.; Khan, S.; Soumik, S.T.; Zhang, M.; et al. Impact of Zinc, Vitamins C and D on Disease Prognosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5029. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235029
Sharif N, Opu RR, Khan A, Alzahrani KJ, Banjer HJ, Alzahrani FM, Haque N, Khan S, Soumik ST, Zhang M, et al. Impact of Zinc, Vitamins C and D on Disease Prognosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(23):5029. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235029
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharif, Nadim, Rubayet Rayhan Opu, Afsana Khan, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Hamsa Jameel Banjer, Fuad M. Alzahrani, Nusaira Haque, Shahriar Khan, Saimum Tahreef Soumik, Ming Zhang, and et al. 2022. "Impact of Zinc, Vitamins C and D on Disease Prognosis among Patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 14, no. 23: 5029. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235029