Temporal Trends in Incidence of Nutritional Deficiency among Older Adults in China: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Definitions
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Trends in Nutritional Deficiencies
3.2. The Effect of Age, Period, and Cohort
4. Discussion
4.1. Trends in Vitamin A Deficiency
4.2. Trends in Iodine Deficiency
4.3. Trends in Protein-Energy Malnutrition
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Both Sexes Combined | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A deficiency | Age effect: Age-specific incidence rate per 100,000 person-years (95% CI) | |||
65–69 | 8349.81 (8256.74, 8443.93) | 8632.09 (8473.00, 8794.17) | 8148.16 (8034.02, 8263.93) | |
70–74 | 5007.98 (4953.66, 5062.89) | 5143.90 (5051.42, 5238.08) | 5005.56 (4937.32, 5074.73) | |
75–79 | 3244.68 (3211.96, 3277.74) | 3164.02 (3111.58, 3217.35) | 3330.35 (3288.16, 3373.09) | |
80–84 | 2213.25 (2193.00, 2233.70) | 1961.68 (1931.61, 1992.22) | 2336.82 (2310.09, 2363.85) | |
85–89 | 1522.70 (1509.39, 1536.13) | 1216.24 (1198.29, 1234.45) | 1654.28 (1636.34, 1672.41) | |
Period effect: RR (95% CI) | ||||
1994 | 1.06 (1.05, 1.06) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.09 (1.09, 1.09) | |
1999 | 0.94 (0.94, 0.94) | 0.95 (0.95, 0.95) | 0.93 (0.93, 0.93) | |
2004 | 1.02 (1.02, 1.02) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | |
2009 | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) | |
2014 | 0.98 (0.98, 0.98) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.98) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | |
2019 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.02 (1.02, 1.02) | |
Cohort effect: RR (95% CI) | ||||
1905–1909 | 0.64 (0.64, 0.64) | 0.64 (0.63, 0.64) | 0.64 (0.64, 0.65) | |
1910–1914 | 0.47 (0.46, 0.47) | 0.46 (0.46, 0.47) | 0.47 (0.47, 0.47) | |
1915–1919 | 0.34 (0.34, 0.34) | 0.33 (0.33, 0.34) | 0.34 (0.34, 0.35) | |
1920–1924 | 0.25 (0.24, 0.25) | 0.24 (0.24, 0.25) | 0.25 (0.25, 0.25) | |
1925–1929 | 0.18 (0.18, 0.18) | 0.18 (0.17, 0.18) | 0.18 (0.18, 0.19) | |
1930–1934 | 0.14 (0.13, 0.14) | 0.13 (0.13, 0.13) | 0.14 (0.14, 0.14) | |
1935–1939 | 0.10 (0.10, 0.10) | 0.09 (0.09, 0.10) | 0.11 (0.11, 0.11) | |
1940–1944 | 0.08 (0.08, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.07, 0.07) | 0.08 (0.08, 0.08) | |
1945–1949 | 0.06 (0.06, 0.06) | 0.05 (0.05, 0.05) | 0.06 (0.06, 0.07) | |
1950–1954 | 0.04 (0.04, 0.04) | 0.04 (0.04, 0.04) | 0.05 (0.05, 0.05) | |
Iodine deficiency | Age effect: Age-specific incidence rate per 100,000 person-years (95% CI) | |||
65–69 | 11.40 (10.34, 12.56) | 11.75 (10.10, 13.67) | 10.91 (9.49, 12.55) | |
70–74 | 8.04 (7.30, 8.85) | 8.31 (7.15, 9.64) | 7.60 (6.62, 8.72) | |
75–79 | 6.35 (5.80, 6.96) | 6.45 (5.60, 7.44) | 5.98 (5.23, 6.82) | |
80–84 | 5.17 (4.74, 5.64) | 5.13 (4.47, 5.89) | 5.10 (4.50, 5.78) | |
85–89 | 4.20 (3.85, 4.59) | 4.08 (3.55, 4.69) | 4.41 (3.89, 5.00) | |
Period effect: RR (95% CI) | ||||
1994 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | |
1999 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | |
2004 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | |
2009 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | |
2014 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | |
2019 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | |
Cohort effect: RR (95% CI) | ||||
1905–1909 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | |
1910–1914 | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | |
1915–1919 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) | |
1920–1924 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | |
1925–1929 | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | |
1930–1934 | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | |
1935–1939 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.98) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) | |
1940–1944 | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | |
1945–1949 | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | |
1950–1954 | 0.81 (0.74, 0.90) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) | |
Protein-energy malnutrition | Age effect: Age-specific incidence rate per 100,000 person-years (95% CI) | |||
65–69 | 865.03 (859.87, 870.22) | 819.75 (813.69, 825.85) | 932.61 (924.60, 940.68) | |
70–74 | 977.33 (971.54, 983.16) | 959.37 (952.33, 966.46) | 1011.25 (1002.63, 1019.93) | |
75–79 | 1103.14 (1096.77, 1109.55) | 1127.64 (1119.54, 1135.80) | 1097.40 (1088.35, 1106.53) | |
80–84 | 1212.03 (1205.32, 1218.77) | 1324.00 (1314.84, 1333.23) | 1186.71 (1177.43, 1196.07) | |
85–89 | 1322.22 (1314.76, 1329.71) | 1553.67 (1542.48, 1564.93) | 1282.03 (1271.89, 1292.25) | |
Period effect: RR (95% CI) | ||||
1994 | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.05) | |
1999 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.98) | |
2004 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.96, 0.96) | |
2009 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.06 (1.06, 1.06) | |
2014 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.93, 0.93) | |
2019 | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) | |
Cohort effect: RR (95% CI) | ||||
1905–1909 | 1.13 (1.13, 1.13) | 1.20 (1.20, 1.20) | 1.06 (1.06, 1.06) | |
1910–1914 | 1.24 (1.24, 1.24) | 1.36 (1.36, 1.37) | 1.11 (1.10, 1.11) | |
1915–1919 | 1.35 (1.35, 1.36) | 1.55 (1.54, 1.56) | 1.15 (1.15, 1.16) | |
1920–1924 | 1.48 (1.47, 1.49) | 1.76 (1.75, 1.77) | 1.20 (1.19, 1.21) | |
1925–1929 | 1.62 (1.61, 1.63) | 2.00 (1.99, 2.02) | 1.26 (1.24, 1.27) | |
1930–1934 | 1.78 (1.77, 1.79) | 2.27 (2.25, 2.29) | 1.32 (1.31, 1.33) | |
1935–1939 | 1.97 (1.96, 1.98) | 2.53 (2.51, 2.55) | 1.39 (1.38, 1.40) | |
1940–1944 | 2.13 (2.11, 2.14) | 2.82 (2.80, 2.84) | 1.45 (1.43, 1.46) | |
1945–1949 | 2.30 (2.29, 2.32) | 3.15 (3.13, 3.17) | 1.51 (1.49, 1.52) | |
1950–1954 | 2.51 (2.49, 2.52) | 3.53 (3.50, 3.56) | 1.57 (1.56, 1.59) |
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Xiao, L.; Fu, J.; Lin, L.; Han, Y. Temporal Trends in Incidence of Nutritional Deficiency among Older Adults in China: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2019. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235008
Xiao L, Fu J, Lin L, Han Y. Temporal Trends in Incidence of Nutritional Deficiency among Older Adults in China: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2019. Nutrients. 2022; 14(23):5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235008
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Linqi, Jialin Fu, Likai Lin, and Yong Han. 2022. "Temporal Trends in Incidence of Nutritional Deficiency among Older Adults in China: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2019" Nutrients 14, no. 23: 5008. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235008