Maternal Consumption of Dairy Products during Pregnancy Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Emotional Problems in 5-Year-Olds: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Total (n = 1199) b | Cow’s Milk c | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p for Trend d | ||
Baseline characteristics | ||||||
Maternal age, years | 32.0 (29.0–34.0) | 32.0 | 31.0 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 0.43 |
Gestation, weeks | 17.0 (14.0–21.0) | 17.0 | 17.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 0.0001 |
Region of residence, % | 0.55 | |||||
Fukuoka Prefecture | 57.8 | 58.5 | 58.7 | 57.0 | 57.0 | |
Other than Fukuoka Prefecture in Kyushu | 32.8 | 30.8 | 33.3 | 33.7 | 33.3 | |
Okinawa Prefecture | 9.4 | 10.7 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 9.7 | |
Number of living children born to the same mother, % | 0.06 | |||||
0 | 40.4 | 34.5 | 40.3 | 43.3 | 43.3 | |
1 | 40.0 | 44.5 | 39.7 | 38.7 | 37.3 | |
≥2 | 19.6 | 21.1 | 20.0 | 18.0 | 19.3 | |
Maternal education, years, % | 0.54 | |||||
13 | 20.9 | 24.4 | 18.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | |
13–14 | 33.3 | 32.8 | 30.7 | 34.0 | 35.7 | |
≥15 | 45.9 | 42.8 | 51.3 | 44.0 | 45.3 | |
Paternal education, years, % | 0.76 | |||||
<13 | 28.6 | 29.1 | 29.7 | 29.3 | 26.3 | |
13–14 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 16.0 | |
≥15 | 57.0 | 58.2 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 57.7 | |
Household income, yen/year, % e | 0.45 | |||||
<4,000,000 | 32.2 | 33.8 | 30.3 | 32.7 | 32.0 | |
4,000,000–5,999,999 | 37.5 | 38.5 | 39.0 | 36.0 | 36.3 | |
≥6,000,000 | 30.4 | 27.8 | 30.7 | 31.3 | 31.7 | |
Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, % | 18.2 | 22.4 | 18.0 | 16.7 | 15.7 | 0.03 |
Maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, % | 13.2 | 13.4 | 11.0 | 15.3 | 13.0 | 0.71 |
Maternal daily intake | ||||||
Total energy, kJ | 7127 (6117–8465) | 7574 | 6466 | 7476 | 7155 | 0.04 |
Total dairy, g f | 120.2 (60.6–201.6) | |||||
Cow’s milk, g f | 78.3 (31.4–147.7) | |||||
Yogurt, g f | 22.3 (10.1–52.1) | |||||
Cheese, g f | 3.2 (1.4–6.1) | |||||
Total vegetables, g f | 187.2 (139.0–264.4) | |||||
Vegetables other than green and yellow vegetables, g f | 111.2 (79.3–158.9) | |||||
Total fruits, g f | 125.3 (80.8–185.8) | |||||
Citrus fruit, g f | 19.7 (7.0–46.2) | |||||
Total soy products, g f | 46.9 (30.0–70.2) | |||||
Calcium, mg f | 481.6 (398.2–587.0) | |||||
Vitamin B2, mg f | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | |||||
Characteristics at the postnatal assessment | ||||||
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, % | 7.3 | 10.0 | 7.3 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 0.08 |
Birth weight, g | 3012 (2772–3246) | 3034 | 3026 | 3020 | 2960 | 0.11 |
Male sex, % | 47.4 | 47.2 | 47.7 | 45.0 | 49.7 | 0.71 |
Breastfeeding duration, months, % | 0.50 | |||||
<6 | 10.8 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 10.3 | |
≥6 | 89.2 | 88.3 | 88.7 | 90.0 | 89.7 | |
Smoking in the household during the first year of life, % | 27.4 | 30.8 | 25.7 | 29.7 | 23.7 | 0.13 |
Emotional Problems | Conduct Problems | Hyperactivity Problems | Peer Problems | Low Prosocial Behavior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables a | Risk (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | Risk (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | Risk (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) c | Risk (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) d | Risk (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) e |
Total dairy | ||||||||||
Q1 (32.7) | 14.4 | 1.00 | 18.7 | 1.00 | 13.4 | 1.00 | 8.4 | 1.00 | 26.1 | 1.00 |
Q2 (87.8) | 15.3 | 1.03 (0.64–1.66) | 19.7 | 1.09 (0.71–1.66) | 13.0 | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) | 7.7 | 0.95 (0.51–1.74) | 33.0 | 1.37 (0.95–1.98) |
Q3 (156.7) | 11.7 | 0.78 (0.47–1.28) | 19.3 | 1.19 (0.78–1.83) | 13.0 | 0.98 (0.59–1.61) | 8.3 | 1.11 (0.61–2.02) | 25.7 | 1.00 (0.68–1.46) |
Q4 (250.6) | 10.3 | 0.62 (0.36–1.03) | 20.0 | 1.24 (0.81–1.91) | 13.0 | 0.92 (0.56–1.51) | 10.0 | 1.29 (0.73–2.33) | 32.0 | 1.34 (0.92–1.94) |
p for trend | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.85 | 0.32 | 0.36 | |||||
Cow’s milk | ||||||||||
Q1 (9.3) | 15.7 | 1.00 | 20.1 | 1.00 | 14.7 | 1.00 | 8.0 | 1.00 | 30.4 | 1.00 |
Q2 (49.4) | 14.3 | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | 18.0 | 0.96 (0.63–1.46) | 11.0 | 0.68 (0.41–1.11) | 8.0 | 1.06 (0.58–1.94) | 29.0 | 0.93(0.64–1.33) |
Q3 (112.9) | 14.3 | 0.88 (0.55–1.40) | 20.3 | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) | 14.7 | 1.02 (0.64–1.64) | 8.7 | 1.15 (0.63–2.10) | 28.0 | 0.90 (0.62–1.29) |
Q4 (190.5) | 7.3 | 0.41 (0.23–0.70) | 19.3 | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | 12.0 | 0.77 (0.47–1.26) | 9.7 | 1.33 (0.74–2.41) | 29.3 | 0.93 (0.65–1.35) |
p for trend | 0.003 | 0.49 | 0.63 | 0.32 | 0.69 | |||||
Yogurt | ||||||||||
Q1 (4.0) | 11.4 | 1.00 | 18.7 | 1.00 | 12.7 | 1.00 | 8.4 | 1.00 | 27.4 | 1.00 |
Q2 (15.2) | 12.7 | 1.13 (0.67–1.90) | 19.3 | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | 12.3 | 0.97 (0.58–1.63) | 8.3 | 1.02 (0.56–1.86) | 25.7 | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) |
Q3 (34.6) | 13.0 | 1.20 (0.71–2.01) | 19.3 | 1.17 (0.76–1.80) | 13.0 | 1.07 (0.65–1.78) | 8.3 | 1.05 (0.58–1.91) | 32.7 | 1.40 (0.97–2.02) |
Q4 (81.5) | 14.7 | 1.38 (0.83–2.33) | 20.3 | 1.40 (0.91–2.16) | 14.3 | 1.28 (0.77–2.13) | 9.3 | 1.19 (0.66–2.17) | 31.0 | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) |
p for trend | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.56 | 0.04 | |||||
Cheese | ||||||||||
Q1 (0.1) | 16.4 | 1.00 | 21.4 | 1.00 | 11.7 | 1.00 | 9.0 | 1.00 | 28.8 | 1.00 |
Q2 (2.3) | 10.3 | 0.59 (0.35–0.97) | 19.3 | 0.92 (0.61–1.40) | 14.7 | 1.37 (0.83–2.26) | 8.3 | 0.91 (0.51–1.64) | 27.0 | 0.95 (0.65–1.37) |
Q3 (4.1) | 14.3 | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 21.7 | 1.06 (0.70–1.60) | 15.3 | 1.37 (0.84–2.27) | 7.3 | 0.82 (0.44–1.49) | 29.0 | 0.95 (0.65–1.37) |
Q4 (11.7) | 10.7 | 0.65 (0.39–1.06) | 15.3 | 0.71 (0.45–1.09) | 10.7 | 0.92 (0.54–1.56) | 9.7 | 1.14 (0.64–2.03) | 32.0 | 1.16 (0.80–1.67) |
p for trend | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.45 |
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Nguyen, M.Q.; Miyake, Y.; Tanaka, K.; Hasuo, S.; Takahashi, K.; Nakamura, Y.; Okubo, H.; Sasaki, S.; Arakawa, M. Maternal Consumption of Dairy Products during Pregnancy Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Emotional Problems in 5-Year-Olds: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224713
Nguyen MQ, Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Hasuo S, Takahashi K, Nakamura Y, Okubo H, Sasaki S, Arakawa M. Maternal Consumption of Dairy Products during Pregnancy Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Emotional Problems in 5-Year-Olds: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224713
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Mai Quynh, Yoshihiro Miyake, Keiko Tanaka, Shizuka Hasuo, Keiji Takahashi, Yoshitaka Nakamura, Hitomi Okubo, Satoshi Sasaki, and Masashi Arakawa. 2022. "Maternal Consumption of Dairy Products during Pregnancy Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Emotional Problems in 5-Year-Olds: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224713