Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Sample Size Calculation
2.3. Experimental Procedure
2.4. Pre-Experimental and Familiarization Trials
2.5. Experimental Trials
2.6. Urine p-Synephrine and 4-hydroxymandelic Acid Concentrations
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable (Units) | Mean ± SD | Range |
---|---|---|
Age (year) | 26.9 ± 8.7 | 18.0–40.0 |
Body mass (kg) | 62.3 ± 9.0 | 47.9–83.5 |
Body height (cm) | 166.7 ± 6.7 | 162.0–175.0 |
Fat mass (%) | 24.3 ± 5.5 | 15.0–39.2 |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 39.7 ± 6.5 | 30.4–50.2 |
Maximal heart rate (beat/min) | 179 ± 7 | 170–197 |
Maximal wattage in the VO2max test (W) | 216 ± 37 | 170–300 |
Variable (Units) | Placebo | p-Synephrine | d | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heart rate (beat/min) | 54 ± 9 | 58 ± 12 | 1.12 | 0.111 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 108.8 ± 6.1 | 108.8 ± 6.6 | 0.00 | 0.994 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.9 ± 5.2 | 68.5 ± 7.5 | 0.08 | 0.751 |
Tympanic temperature (°C) | 36.1 ± 0.5 | 36.4 ± 0.4 * | 0.87 | 0.033 |
Urine specific gravity | 1.012 ± 0.061 | 1.010 ± 0.073 | 0.23 | 0.450 |
Variable (Units) | Placebo | p-Synephrine | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Nervousness (a.u.) | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 0.236 |
Vigour (a.u.) | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 0.558 |
Irritability (a.u.) | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 1.3 * | 0.043 |
Muscle pain (a.u.) | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 0.681 |
Headache (a.u.) | 2.7 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 0.347 |
Gastrointestinal distress (a.u.) | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 1.8 * | 0.044 |
Diuresis (a.u.) | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 0.829 |
Insomnia (a.u.) | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 0.574 |
Sleep quality (a.u) | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 0.092 |
Variable (Units) | Placebo | p-Synephrine | d | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urine p-synephrine concentration (µg/L) | 84.21 ± 37.46 | 30,432.4 ± 4257.9 * | 0.71 | 0.006 |
Urine 4-hydroxymandelic acid concentration (µg/L) | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 2.96 ± 5.28 * | 0.55 | 0.028 |
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Gutiérrez-Hellín, J.; Aguilar-Navarro, M.; Ruiz-Moreno, C.; Muñoz, A.; Amaro-Gahete, F.J.; Posada-Ayala, M.; López-Samanes, Á.; Del Coso, J.; Varillas-Delgado, D. Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204352
Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Ruiz-Moreno C, Muñoz A, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Posada-Ayala M, López-Samanes Á, Del Coso J, Varillas-Delgado D. Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women. Nutrients. 2022; 14(20):4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204352
Chicago/Turabian StyleGutiérrez-Hellín, Jorge, Millán Aguilar-Navarro, Carlos Ruiz-Moreno, Alejandro Muñoz, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete, María Posada-Ayala, Álvaro López-Samanes, Juan Del Coso, and David Varillas-Delgado. 2022. "Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women" Nutrients 14, no. 20: 4352. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204352