Prevalence of Excess Sodium Intake and Their Corresponding Food Sources in Adults from the 2017–2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Sociodemographic and Anthropometric Information
2.3. Dietary Data
2.4. Food Grouping
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population Characteristics
3.2. Dietary Sodium Intake
3.3. Prevalence of Excessive Sodium Consumption
3.4. Main Food Sources of Sodium
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Population | Sodium Intake (mg) | p-Value 3 | % Exceeding Sodium Intake According to | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95%CI) | Median | IQR | UL | CDRR | ||
Overall population | 28,153 | 100 | 2432.4 | (1902.7, 3073.8) | 61.0 | 56.1 | |
Geographic region | |||||||
North | 4132 | 8.2 (7.7, 8.7) | 2222.9 abcd | (1701.6, 2880.0) | 52.8 | 45.9 | |
Northeast | 9717 | 26.4 (25.6, 27.3) | 2462.2 c | (1901.1, 3151.9) | 62.5 | 57.4 | |
Southeast | 7029 | 42.8 (41.7, 44.0) | 2431.1 bc | (1927.4, 3026.3) | 60.6 | 56.5 | |
South | 3699 | 14.6 (13.9, 15.4) | 2485.5 ab | (1940.6, 3166.2) | 62.9 | 58.2 | |
Midwest | 3576 | 7.9 (7.5, 8.4) | 2438.2 d | (1882.4, 3082.6) | 0.014 | 60.2 | 55.6 |
Area | |||||||
Urban | 21,863 | 86.3 (85.7, 86.9) | 2439.8 | (1909.1, 3074.8) | 61.0 | 56.4 | |
Rural | 6290 | 13.7 (13.1, 14.3) | 2389.9 | (1863.3, 3064.4) | 0.062 | 59.9 | 54.6 |
Age group, years | |||||||
20–29 | 6665 | 25.1 (24.3, 26.0) | 2595.5 a | (2029.0, 3260.9) | 65.9 | 62.5 | |
30–39 | 7598 | 26.9 (26.0, 27.9) | 2448.8 a | (1911.9, 3125.6) | 61.8 | 57.3 | |
40–49 | 7274 | 25.1 (24.2, 26.0) | 2382.5 a | (1889.3, 3024.8) | 59.1 | 53.6 | |
50–59 | 6616 | 22.8 (22.0, 23.7) | 2306.2 a | (1799.5, 2912.4) | <0.001 | 55.6 | 50.6 |
Sex | |||||||
Male | 13,338 | 49.8 (49.2, 50.4) | 2769.0 | (2176.5, 3431.4) | 71.6 | 70.1 | |
Female | 14,815 | 50.2 (49.6, 50.8) | 2171.8 | (1717.8, 2668.8) | <0.001 | 48.0 | 42.2 |
Self-reported ethnicity | |||||||
Mixed-race | 14,532 | 45.1 (44.0, 46.2) | 2553.2 | (1897.6, 3053.7) | 60.2 | 55.7 | |
White | 10,351 | 42.6 (41.4, 43.8) | 2591.1 | (1924.5, 3089.6) | 61.7 | 56.5 | |
Black | 2963 | 11.2 (10.5, 11.9) | 2564.9 | (1883.7, 3089.8) | 61.0 | 56.7 | |
Asian | 145 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 2420.6 | (1951.3, 3058.1) | 56.0 | 44.9 | |
Native | 141 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.1) | 2384.9 | (1776.4, 2996.6) | 0.060 | 54.0 | 51.6 |
Per capita family income 2 | |||||||
≤1 minimum wage | 13,218 | 40.4 (39.1, 41.7) | 2374.4 | (1872.5, 3016.0) | 59.1 | 54.1 | |
>1 minimum wage | 14,935 | 59.6 (58.3, 60.8) | 2471.8 | (1926.6, 3115.1) | <0.001 | 62.2 | 57.5 |
Education level | |||||||
≤9 years of schooling(below elementary school) | 12,702 | 39.8 (38.7, 40.9) | 2384.3 | (1847.9, 3029.6) | 59.1 | 53.8 | |
>9 years of schooling(above high school) | 15,451 | 60.2 (59.1, 61.3) | 2461.5 | (1934.4, 3105.7) | <0.001 | 62.2 | 57.6 |
Body Mass Index | |||||||
Without excessive body weight | 12,676 | 44.4 (43.4, 45.4) | 2413.8 | (1908.6, 3061.8) | 60.6 | 55.4 | |
With excessive body weight | 15,477 | 55.6 (54.6, 56.5) | 2449.5 | (1898.7, 3087.0) | 0.479 | 61.0 | 56.7 |
Followed a specific diet | |||||||
Yes | 3778 | 13.1 (12.4, 13.8) | 2081.3 | (1602.0, 2644.5) | 45.6 | 38.9 | |
No | 24,375 | 86.9 (86.2, 87.6) | 2491.4 | (1954.1, 3129.3) | <0.001 | 62.9 | 58.7 |
Add extra salt at the table | |||||||
Yes | 3777 | 14.5 (13.7, 15.4) | 2528.7 | (1979.4, 3194.6) | 63.6 | 60.7 | |
No | 24,376 | 85.5 (84.6, 86.3) | 2416.5 | (1888.5, 3055.7) | <0.001 | 60.2 | 55.4 |
Food security status | |||||||
Food security | 15,878 | 59.5 (58.1, 60.9) | 2466.1 a | (1939.2, 3109.0) | 62.5 | 57.7 | |
Mild food insecurity | 7836 | 27.1 (25.9, 28.3) | 2414.2 a | (1892.0, 3036.4) | 59.9 | 55.5 | |
Moderate or severe food insecurity | 4439 | 13.4 (12.6, 14.2) | 2304.0 a | (1772.6, 2981.1) | <0.001 | 55.9 | 50.2 |
Rank | Food Groups | % Total Sodium Intake 1 | % Cumulative | % of Consumers | Food Group Sodium Density (mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | White bread and toast | 12.3 | 12.3 | 61.0 | 578 |
French bread | 9.51 | 43.7 | 681.9 | ||
Loaf bread | 0.29 | 3.8 | 548.5 | ||
Homemade bread | 0.14 | 1.5 | 430.8 | ||
Other White bread (except sweet rolls) | 2.17 | 16.0 | 653.8 | ||
Toast | 0.16 | 3.3 | 712 | ||
2 | Beans | 11.6 | 23.9 | 72.4 | 302 |
3 | White rice | 10.6 | 34.4 | 83.4 | 289 |
4 | Beef | 7.7 | 42.1 | 55.7 | 350 |
5 | Poultry meat | 5.5 | 47.6 | 50.2 | 693 |
6 | Sandwiches | 5.2 | 52.8 | 22.5 | 346 |
7 | Pasta | 4.7 | 57.5 | 34.7 | 252 |
8 | Cookies and crackers | 2.8 | 60.3 | 31.9 | 688 |
9 | Rice-based mixed dishes | 2.8 | 63.1 | 12.7 | 440 |
10 | Sausages and hot dogs | 2.7 | 65.8 | 12.3 | 1460 |
11 | Cured meats | 2.3 | 68.0 | 3.4 | 1781 |
12 | Butter and Margarine | 2.1 | 70.2 | 47.0 | 810 |
13 | Corn-based mixed dishes | 2.1 | 72.3 | 13.8 | 261 |
14 | Salty pastries | 1.9 | 74.2 | 15.4 | 643 |
15 | Pork meat | 1.9 | 76.0 | 11.3 | 250 |
16 | Roots and tubers | 1.8 | 77.9 | 22.7 | 54 |
17 | Beans-based mixed dishes | 1.8 | 79.7 | 7.7 | 298 |
18 | Fish and Seafood | 1.7 | 81.4 | 12.2 | 201 |
19 | Eggs and omelets | 1.7 | 83.1 | 22.5 | 254 |
20 | Pizza and calzones | 1.6 | 84.6 | 5.9 | 847 |
21 | Leafy and non-leafy vegetables | 1.5 | 86.2 | 57.2 | 92 |
22 | Water | 1.5 | 87.7 | 85.4 | 3 |
23 | Cheese | 1.5 | 89.1 | 16.6 | 613 |
24 | Meat-based mixed dishes | 1.3 | 90.4 | 13.3 | 276 |
25 | Soups and broth | 1.0 | 91.5 | 11.4 | 365 |
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Félix, P.V.; De Castro, M.A.; Nogueira-de-Almeida, C.A.; Fisberg, M. Prevalence of Excess Sodium Intake and Their Corresponding Food Sources in Adults from the 2017–2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194018
Félix PV, De Castro MA, Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Fisberg M. Prevalence of Excess Sodium Intake and Their Corresponding Food Sources in Adults from the 2017–2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):4018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194018
Chicago/Turabian StyleFélix, Paula Victória, Michelle Alessandra De Castro, Carlos Alberto Nogueira-de-Almeida, and Mauro Fisberg. 2022. "Prevalence of Excess Sodium Intake and Their Corresponding Food Sources in Adults from the 2017–2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 4018. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194018