Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Information Source and Search Strategy
2.3. Selection Process
2.4. Data Collection Process and Data Items
2.5. Study Risk of Bias
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Risk of Bias
3.3. Results of Individual Studies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Participants | BCAA Supplementation Protocol | Exercise Protocol | Objective | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blomstrand et al. [20] | 7 male endurance cyclists | Before and after every 15 min of exercise. Aqueous solution containing 7 g.L−1 (40% valine, 35% leucine and 25% isoleucine). | Cycling | Investigate the impact of BCAAs when muscle glycogen was reduced. | Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Blomstrand et al. [21] | 7 male endurance cyclists | Before and after every 15 min of exercise. Aqueous solution containing 7 g.L−1 (40% valine, 35% leucine and 25% isoleucine). | Cycling | Investigate the impact of BCAAs when muscle glycogen was reduced. | Performance:
Muscle soreness and recovery:
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Bassit et al. [39] | 12 male triathletes | Thirty days before and one week after competition. After the training session (6.0 g: 60% leucine, 20% valine, and 20% isoleucine), during the first 30 days, and a single dose of 3.0 g 30 min before the triathlon, as well as a single dose (3.0 g) daily, in the morning, in the first week after the competition. | Running | Examine immunological parameters before and after an international competition. | Biochemical, hormonal, molecular, indicators:
|
De Palo et al. [40] | 11 male triathletes | Chronic treatment (one month)—0.2 g.kg−1 of body mass: leucine (1.17 g), isoleucine (0.63 g); valine (0.61 g) before each meal. Thirty minutes before exercise: oral dose—leucine (9.64 g), isoleucine (4.68 g), valine (0.61 g). before exercise: 30 min. | Running | Test the effect of chronic treatment with BCAA supplementation on lactate and growth hormones before and 60 min after running protocol. | Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Bassit et al. [38] | 12 male triathletes and 24 marathon runners | Thirty days before and one week after competition. BCAA was supplemented twice a day after each training session, to the triathletes or as a single dose to the runners (6.0 g of 60% leucine, 20% valine, and 20% isoleucine); single dose (3.0 g)—30 min before the competition; triathletes received 3.0 g of BCAAs one week after exercise. | Running | Examine immunological parameters before and after an international competition in triathletes and marathon runners. | Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Koba et al. [34] | 16 male distance runners | Five days: 5 g leucine, 2.5 g isoleucine and 2.5 g valine per day. | Three timed training sessions (total 40 km) per day | Examine the effects of BCAAs on soreness and indicators of muscle damage. | Muscle soreness or recovery:
|
Areces et al. [25] | 50 marathon runners (n = 47 males; n = 3 females) | Seven days prior to the marathon race: 5 g.day−1 of BCAA (1:0.5:0.5 of leucine:isoleucine:valine) dissolved in 250 mL of water. Supplementation should be consumed in the hours following their habitual training routines. | Marathon race | Investigate the effectiveness of BCAA supplementation during 7 days to attenuate muscle damage. | Performance:
Body composition:
Muscle soreness or recovery:
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Atashk et al. [41] | 20 male soccer players | Thirty minutes before the exercise protocol: 200 mg.kg−1 of BCAA (50% leucine, 25% isoleucine, 25% valine). | Resistance exercises: high pull, lateral pull-down, standing overhead press, leg extension, leg curl, leg press, and bench press. | Investigate the supplementation of BCAA in acute hormonal responses. | Biochemical, hormonal, molecular, indicators:
|
Dudgeon et al. [26] | 17 male resistance training athletes | Eight weeks: 14 g of BCAA (prior and following each workout). | Four days per week of resistance training during 8 weeks. | Examine BCAA supplementation in body composition, strength during carbohydrate restriction. | Performance:
Body composition:
|
Gee et al. [35] | 11 male resistance training athletes | 20 g of BCAA (2:1:1 leucine, isoleucine, valine). Five minutes before (10 g) and five minutes after strength training (10 g). | Multi-joint exercises: back squat, bench press, deadlift, military press, barbell row. | Test the contribution of BCAA on performance and muscle soreness after strength training. | Muscle soreness or recovery:
|
Kephart et al. [27] | 18 male cyclists | Ten weeks: 12 g of BCAA: leucine (6 g); isoleucine (2 g); valine (4 g). | 160 km cycling per week. | Investigate a long-term intervention of BCAA in performance and immune system. | Performance
Body composition:
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Moberg et al. [28] | 8 male resistance training participants | BCAA supplement (110 mg.kg−1): 25% L-isoleucine, 45% L-leucine, and 30% L-valine. Leucine was given at a dose of 50 mg.kg−1. Drink with supplement (150 mL) before and after the warm-up sets, following the fourth and eighth sets and after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of recovery (total volume: 1.35 L). | Leg press (starting at 85% of their 1 RM; gradually reducing the load so that they could perform at least 8–12 repetitions to fatigue). | Test the BCAA intake in stimulation of mechanistic targets of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)–anabolic signalling. | Performance:
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Samuelsson et al. [29] | 8 male resistance training participants | BCAA supplement (110 mg.kg−1): 25% L-isoleucine, 45% L-leucine, and 30% L-valine. Administered 150 mL before and after the warm-up sets, following the fourth and eighth sets and after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of recovery (total volume: 1.35 L). | The subjects performed 10 sets × 8–10 repetitions with rest between sets (3 min). | Test the BCAA intake in stimulation of PGC-1α4 (a potential regulator of muscle hypertrophy). | Performance
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Waldron et al. [36] | 16 resistance training athletes (n = 14 males; n = 2 females) | Thirty minutes before and after the muscle damage protocol re-testing. | Seventy per cent of 1 RM for 10 repetitions across 6 sets. | Examine the effects of BCAA supplementation on recovery after an induced muscle damage protocol. | Muscle soreness or recovery:
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Lysenko et al. [42] | 9 endurance athletes | 0.1 g.kg−1 immediately after exercise. BCAA in the form of capsules leucine, isoleucine, and valine: 2:1:1. | Cycling | Modulate post exercise anabolic and proteolytic signalling. | Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Smith et al. [30] | 30 male resistance athletes | 7.5 g of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Before and after warm-up, and immediately following the last set of each exercise. | Barbell bench press, landmine bent-over row, barbell incline press, and landmine close-grip row (5 sets × until failure at 65% of 1 RM - 2 min of rest). | Examine the effects of CHO and/or BCAA supplementation during resistance training in hormonal responses and exercise performance. | Performance:
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Vahid et al., [41] | 30 track and field athletes | Forty-two days of supplementation. | Six weeks of athletics training. | Examine the effects of BCAA supplementation on fatigue. | Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
VanDusseldorp et al. [37] | 20 male resistance athletes | Eight days: 0.22 g.kg−1.day−1 during 8 days | Squat: 10 sets × 8 repetitions at 70% 1 RM. | Examine the effects of BCAA supplementation on recovery and muscle damage. | Muscle soreness or recovery:
Biochemical, hormonal, molecular indicators:
|
Martín-Martíez et al. [32] | 12 male volleyball players | Five hundred milliliters of water containing a 2:1:1 ratio for leucine, isoleucine and valine (7 g). Three times during one week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday). | Volleyball training sessions: warm-up, plyometric, technical and tactical drills, cool-down. | Test the effect of BCAA supplementation on jump performance. | Performance:
|
Pancar et al. [32] | 14 male soccer players | Two grams before and immediately before exercise. | Five sets × 20 drop jumps. | Test BCAA supplementation on performance and recovery | Performance:
Muscle soreness or recovery:
|
Mor et al. [33] | 24 male soccer players | Seven days: 5000 mg BCAA (2500 mg 30–40 min before training and 2500 mg 1 h after training). | Soccer training | Examine BCAA and creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity and ball shooting. | Performance:
|
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Martinho, D.V.; Nobari, H.; Faria, A.; Field, A.; Duarte, D.; Sarmento, H. Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194002
Martinho DV, Nobari H, Faria A, Field A, Duarte D, Sarmento H. Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2022; 14(19):4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194002
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartinho, Diogo V., Hadi Nobari, Ana Faria, Adam Field, Daniel Duarte, and Hugo Sarmento. 2022. "Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation in Athletes: A Systematic Review" Nutrients 14, no. 19: 4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194002