Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for the Incidence and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Obesity/Overweight
3. Hypertension
4. Insulin Resistance/Diabetes Mellitus
5. Dyslipidemia
6. Hyperuricemia
7. Diet and Nutrients
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elsayed E, et al., 2008 | BMI ≥ 27.2 kg/m2, WHtR ≥ 0.96 (men), ≥0.89 (women) | 13,324 | mean 57.4 years | cohort study, over 9.3-year follow-up | BMI; OR 0.99 (95%CI 0.96–1.03) for CKD incident *1 WHtR; OR 1.17 (95%CI 0.99–1.34) for CKD incident *1 | [28] |
Noori N, et al., 2009 | WC, WHR | 3107 | mean 40 years | cohort study, 7-year follow-up | WC (highest quartile); HR 1.88 (95%CI 1.17–3.01) for CKD incident *2 WHR; no association between WHR and CKD incident | [38] |
Vivante A, et al., 2012 | BMI | 1,194,704 | mean 17.4 years | cohort study, enrolled from 1967 to 1997 and incident cases between 1980 to 2010. | overweight (85th–94th in BMI); HR 3.00 (95%CI 2.50–3.60) and obese (≥95th in BMI); HR 6.89 (95%CI 5.52–8.59) for ESKD | [32] |
Song YM, et al., 2015 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 1881 | mean 43.9 years | cohort study, 3.7-year follow-up | OR 2.03 (95%CI 1.05–3.92) for CKD incident *2 | [30] |
Lu JL, et al., 2015 | BMI | 3,376,187 | ≥20 years | cohort study, 7-year follow-up | No association in under 40 years old participants. BMI displayed a U-shaped association with eGFR decline (>5 mL/min/1.73 m2) and BMI 25–30 kg/m2 was lowest risk for eGFR decline in over 40 years old participants. | [33] |
Hashimoto Y, et al., 2015 | BMI | 3136 | mean 45.3–52.2 years | cohort study, 8-year follow-up | OR 0.83 (95%CI 0.36–1.72) in metabolic healthy participants. OR 2.80 (95%CI 1.45–5.35) in metabolically abnormal participants for incident CKD *2 | [35] |
Dai D, et al., 2016 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, WC ≥ 84 cm (men), ≥81 cm (women), WHtR ≥ 0.5 | 11,192 | mean 53.83 years | cross section | BMI; OR 2.27 (95%CI 1.06–4.82) (men), OR 1.80 (95%CI 1.04–3.10) (women) for CKD incident *2 WC; OR 1.75 (95%CI 0.97–3.15) (men), OR 2.12 (95%CI 1.25–3.58) (women) for CKD incident *2 WHtR; OR 3.20 (95%CI 1.28–7.95) (men), OR 1.87 (95%CI 1.07–3.25) (women) for CKD incident *2 | [15] |
Chang Y, et al., 2016 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 62,249 | mean 36.1 years | cohort study, 369,088 person-year follow-up | OR 6.7 (95%CI 3.0–10.4) for CKD incident *2 | [29] |
Sarathy H, et al., 2016 | WC ≥ 102 cm (men), ≥88 cm (women) | 6913 | 20–40 years | cohort study, 10-year follow-up | OR 3.0 (95%CI 1.7–5.4) for albuminuria *3 in Mexican-Americans | [36] |
Kuma A, et al., 2019 | WC ≥ 80 cm (men) | 8015 | 20–60 years | cohort study, 5-year follow-up | OR 1.57 (95%CI: 1.35–1.84) for CKD incident *4 | [14] |
Author, Year | Risk Factor | Number | Age | Study Design | Study Outcomes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schaeffner ES, et al., 2003 | ratio of TC/HDL-C ≥ 6.8 | 4483 | mean 48 years | cohort study, 14-year follow-up | RR 2.22 (95%CI 1.27–3.89) of elevated serum creatinine level (≥1.5 mg/dL) | [93] |
Rahman M, et al., 2014 | TC, LDL-C | 3939 | mean 58.2 years | cohort study, 4.1-year follow-up | Not significant association between dyslipidemia and 50% decline in eGFR or ESKD. | [90] |
Hou X, et al., 2014 | TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C | 2647 | ≥40 years | cross section | OR 1.61 (95%CI 1.12–2.32) in highest quartile of TG for mildly reduced eGFR *1. Not significant risk of TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C. | [22] |
Tsuruya K, et al., 2015 | ratio of TG/HDL-C > 3.02 (men), >2.20 (women) | 102,900 | ≥40 years | cohort study, 2-year follow-up | OR 1.25 (95%CI 1.18–1.34) of incident CKD *2 | [81] |
Kuma A, et al., 2018 | LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL | 14,510 | 20–60 years | cohort study, 5-year follow-up | OR 1.46 (95%CI 1.12–1.90) without hypertension, and OR 1.49 (95%CI 1.23–1.82) without DM for incident CKD *3 | [23] |
Wang H, et al., 2018 | ratio of TC/HDL-C ≥ 3.07, TG/HDL-C ≥ 0.62, LDL-C/HDL-C > 2.64 | 3259 | mean 59 years | cross section | OR 2.85 (95%CI 1.23–6.25) of TC/HDL-C, OR 3.96 (95%CI 1.58–9.92) of TG/HDL-C, OR 2.22 (95%CI 1.15–4.29) of LDL-C/HDL-C for incident CKD *3 | [96] |
Xue N, et al., 2019 | TG, HDL-C, LDL-C | 9100 | 18–65 years | cross section | TG: OR 1.17 (95%CI 1.07–1.29), HDL-C: OR 0.54 (95%CI 0.38–0.76) for early eGFR decline *1. Not significant risk of LDL-C. | [91] |
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Kuma, A.; Kato, A. Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for the Incidence and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Population. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183787
Kuma A, Kato A. Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for the Incidence and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Population. Nutrients. 2022; 14(18):3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183787
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuma, Akihiro, and Akihiko Kato. 2022. "Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for the Incidence and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Population" Nutrients 14, no. 18: 3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183787