The Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and High-Energy Diets and Academic Performance in Junior School Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Sample Collection
2.2. SSBs and High-Energy Diet Intake Assessment
2.3. Fixed and Random Effects
2.4. Academic Performance
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. SSBs and High-Energy Diet Consumption
3.3. Distribution of Student Scores
3.4. Univariate Analysis of Influencing Factors of Academic Performance
3.5. GLMM Analysis of SSBs and High-Energy Diet and Academic Performance
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N | Proportion (%) | 95%CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Student Characteristics | Gender | Female | 4444 | 48.0 | (47.0, 49.1) |
Male | 4807 | 52.0 | (50.9, 53.0) | ||
Region of residence | Urban | 4418 | 47.8 | (46.7, 48.8) | |
Rural | 4833 | 52.2 | (51.2, 53.3) | ||
Campus residence | No | 2780 | 30.1 | (29.1, 31.0) | |
Yes | 6471 | 69.9 | (69.0, 70.9) | ||
Family Characteristics | Household income | Low | 1418 | 15.3 | (14.6, 16.1) |
Medium | 6777 | 73.3 | (72.3, 74.2) | ||
High | 1056 | 11.4 | (10.8, 12.1) | ||
Highest level of Parental Education | Primary or below | 735 | 7.9 | (7.4, 8.5) | |
High school | 6657 | 72.0 | (71.0, 72.9) | ||
College or above | 1859 | 20.1 | (19.3, 20.9) | ||
Independent desk | Yes | 7270 | 78.6 | (77.7, 79.4) | |
No | 1981 | 21.4 | (20.6, 22.3) | ||
Domestic library | Lower | 1135 | 12.3 | (11.6, 12.9) | |
Low | 1348 | 14.6 | (13.9, 15.3) | ||
Medium | 3547 | 38.3 | (37.4, 39.3) | ||
High | 2095 | 22.6 | (21.8, 23.5) | ||
Higher | 1126 | 12.2 | (11.5, 12.8) | ||
Internet and Computer | No | 2459 | 26.6 | (25.7, 27.5) | |
One of them | 6792 | 73.4 | (72.5, 74.3) | ||
Personal habits | Screen (TV) | No | 2940 | 31.8 | (30.8, 32.7) |
<1 h | 2267 | 24.5 | (23.6, 25.4) | ||
1–2 h | 2182 | 23.6 | (22.7, 24.5) | ||
2–3 h | 1045 | 11.3 | (10.7,12.0) | ||
3–4 h | 312 | 3.4 | (3.0, 3.8) | ||
>4 h | 505 | 5.5 | (5.0, 5.9) | ||
Play online games | No | 3954 | 42.7 | (41.7, 43.8) | |
<1 h | 2044 | 22.1 | (21.3, 22.9) | ||
1–2 h | 1684 | 18.2 | (17.4, 19) | ||
2–3 h | 779 | 8.4 | (7.9, 9.0) | ||
3–4 h | 289 | 3.1 | (2.8, 3.5) | ||
>4 h | 501 | 5.4 | (5.0, 5.9) | ||
Sleep | <5 h | 61 | 0.7 | (0.5, 0.8) | |
5–9 h | 7876 | 85.1 | (84.4, 85.9) | ||
>9 h | 1314 | 14.2 | (13.5, 14.9) | ||
Sports | ≤60 min | 8160 | 88.2 | (87.5, 88.9) | |
60–180 min | 967 | 10.5 | (9.8, 11.1) | ||
Dietary factors | >180 min | 124 | 1.3 | (1.1, 1.6) | |
SSBs | Seldom | 3366 | 36.4 | (35.4, 37.4) | |
Sometimes | 3896 | 42.1 | (41.1, 43.1) | ||
Often | 1989 | 21.5 | (20.7, 22.3) | ||
High-energy diet | Seldom | 3801 | 41.1 | (40.1, 42.1) | |
Sometimes | 4096 | 44.3 | (43.3, 45.3) | ||
Often | 1345 | 14.6 | (13.9, 15.4) |
Variables | N | Male | Female | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
M (P25, P75) a | M (P25, P75) a | M (P25, P75) a | ||
Standardized total score | 9251 | 192.5 (189.7, 195.0) | 220.8 (218.3, 222.5) | 206.7 (153.0, 242.5) |
Standardized Chinese score | 9251 | 68.0 (67.5, 69.0) | 75.0 (75.0, 75.8) | 71.7 (61.3, 79.0) |
Standardized Math score | 9251 | 67.0 (66.0, 68.7) | 73.0 (72.3, 74.0) | 70.0 (45.0, 85.4) |
Standardized English score | 9251 | 59.0 (57.5, 60.0) | 73.3 (72.7, 74.5) | 66.7 (43.0, 82.7) |
Total Scores | Chinese Scores | Math Scores | English Scores | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N | Average Rank b | p-Value | Average Rank b | p-Value | Average Rank b | p-Value | Average Rank b | p-Value | |
SSBs | Seldom | 3366 | 4670.1 | <0.001 | 4605.2 | 0.068 | 4725.6 | <0.001 | 4652.6 | <0.001 |
Sometimes | 3896 | 4699.5 | 4693.7 | 4658.2 | 4713.6 | |||||
Often | 1989 | 4407.3 | 4528.5 | 4394.5 | 4409.5 | |||||
High-energy diet | Seldom | 3801 | 4564.8 | <0.001 | 4495.1 | <0.001 | 4658.5 | <0.001 | 4520.0 | <0.001 |
Sometimes | 4096 | 4781.9 | 4789.5 | 4716.0 | 4804.1 | |||||
Often | 1354 | 4326.3 | 4498.8 | 4262.5 | 4384.9 | |||||
Gender | Female | 4444 | 5199.5 | <0.001 | 5320.8 | <0.001 | 4887.6 | <0.001 | 5304.7 | <0.001 |
Male | 4807 | 4095.8 | 3983.7 | 4384.1 | 3998.6 | |||||
Region of residence | Urban | 4418 | 5031.1 | <0.001 | 4820.6 | <0.001 | 4878.4 | <0.001 | 5180.3 | <0.001 |
Rural | 4833 | 4255.7 | 4448.1 | 4395.3 | 4119.3 | |||||
Campus Residence | No | 2780 | 4375.3 | <0.001 | 4739.6 | 0.007 | 4525.8 | 0.018 | 4145.6 | <0.001 |
Yes | 6471 | 4733.7 | 4577.2 | 4669.1 | 4832.4 | |||||
Household Income | Low | 1418 | 3496.4 | <0.001 | 3776.7 | <0.001 | 3733.9 | <0.001 | 3403.6 | <0.001 |
Medium | 6777 | 4756.9 | 4729.2 | 4740.6 | 4757.5 | |||||
High | 1056 | 5302.7 | 5104.4 | 5088.4 | 5423.8 | |||||
Parental Education | Primary or below | 735 | 3155.5 | <0.001 | 3205.3 | <0.001 | 3433.8 | <0.001 | 3256.2 | <0.001 |
High school | 6657 | 4410.6 | 4532.4 | 4453.2 | 4360.4 | |||||
College or above | 1859 | 5978.9 | 5522.9 | 5716.3 | 6118.7 | |||||
Independent desk | Yes | 7270 | 4937.4 | <0.001 | 4833.1 | <0.001 | 4852.8 | <0.001 | 4991.3 | <0.001 |
No | 1981 | 3483.2 | 3866.0 | 3793.7 | 3285.3 | |||||
Home collection | Lower | 1135 | 3217.0 | <0.001 | 3613.5 | <0.001 | 3559.1 | <0.001 | 3054.7 | <0.001 |
Low | 1348 | 4058.0 | 4256.6 | 4322.1 | 3863.3 | |||||
Medium | 3547 | 4488.1 | 4514.9 | 4493.5 | 4499.9 | |||||
High | 2095 | 5486.2 | 5260.3 | 5216.3 | 5635.1 | |||||
Higher | 1126 | 5560.2 | 5258.8 | 5384.4 | 5642.6 | |||||
Internet and Computer | No | 2459 | 3525.6 | <0.001 | 3769.2 | <0.001 | 3781.8 | <0.001 | 3451.0 | <0.001 |
Only one | 6792 | 5024.4 | 4936.2 | 4931.6 | 5051.4 | |||||
Screen time (TV) | No | 2940 | 5296.7 | <0.001 | 5184.8 | <0.001 | 5264.9 | <0.001 | 5217.1 | <0.001 |
<1 h | 2267 | 4780.7 | 4685.6 | 4746.6 | 4836.6 | |||||
1–2 h | 2182 | 4289.9 | 4346.3 | 4304.6 | 4329.9 | |||||
2–3 h | 1045 | 3936.0 | 4097.9 | 3979.8 | 3976.3 | |||||
3–4 h | 312 | 4007.3 | 4209.9 | 4097.5 | 3961.3 | |||||
>4 h | 505 | 3289.4 | 3663.7 | 3417.5 | 3274.0 | |||||
Play online games | No | 3954 | 4930.3 | <0.001 | 4861.5 | <0.001 | 4970.6 | <0.001 | 4857.7 | <0.001 |
<1 h | 2044 | 4988.9 | 4888.9 | 4905.1 | 5024.3 | |||||
1–2 h | 1684 | 4313.1 | 4409.5 | 4277.6 | 4374.0 | |||||
2–3 h | 779 | 4044.7 | 4178.1 | 4024.2 | 4153.3 | |||||
3–4 h | 289 | 3798.2 | 4057.2 | 3903.0 | 3758.6 | |||||
>4 h | 501 | 3176.7 | 3447.4 | 3291.9 | 3254.9 | |||||
Sleep | <5 h | 61 | 2690.6 | <0.001 | 2251.3 | <0.001 | 2974.2 | <0.001 | 3041.9 | <0.001 |
5–9 h | 7876 | 4779.0 | 4742.7 | 4754.2 | 4783.6 | |||||
>9 h | 1314 | 3798.9 | 4036.7 | 3934.2 | 3754.7 | |||||
Sports | ≤60 min | 8160 | 4685.5 | <0.001 | 4698.7 | <0.001 | 4666.1 | <0.001 | 4682.8 | <0.001 |
60–180 min | 967 | 4280.5 | 4162.7 | 4422.1 | 4288.1 | |||||
>180 min | 124 | 3402.9 | 3456.2 | 3580.4 | 3522.5 |
Subjects | Variables | β | 95%CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total scores | SSBs | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — |
Sometimes | −2.904 | (−5.041, −0.767) | 0.008 | ||
Often | −4.902 | (−7.660, −2.144) | <0.001 | ||
High-energy diet | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — | |
Sometimes | 2.519 | (0.452, 4.585) | 0.017 | ||
Often | −0.357 | (−3.418, 2.704) | 0.819 | ||
Chinese | SSBs | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — |
Sometimes | −0.531 | (−1.063, 0.002) | 0.051 | ||
Often | −0.864 | (−1.551, −0.177) | 0.014 | ||
High-energy diet | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — | |
Sometimes | 1.025 | (0.510, 1.540) | <0.001 | ||
Often | 0.521 | (−0.242, 1.284) | 0.181 | ||
Math | SSBs | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — |
Sometimes | −1.567 | (−2.600, −0.534) | 0.003 | ||
Often | −2.164 | (−3.498, −0.831) | 0.001 | ||
High-energy diet | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — | |
Sometimes | 0.483 | (−0.516, 1.482) | 0.343 | ||
Often | −1.105 | (−2.585, 0.375) | 0.143 | ||
English | SSBs | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — |
Sometimes | −0.848 | (−1.720, 0.024) | 0.057 | ||
Often | −1.836 | (−2.961, −0.710) | 0.001 | ||
High-energy diet | Seldom (reference) | 0.000 | — | — | |
Sometimes | 1.010 | (0.167, 1.853) | 0.019 | ||
Often | 0.214 | (−1.035, 1.464) | 0.737 |
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Ren, Y.; Peng, C.; Li, Y.; Zhou, F.; Yang, M.; Xiang, B.; Hao, L.; Yang, X.; Zeng, J. The Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and High-Energy Diets and Academic Performance in Junior School Students. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173577
Ren Y, Peng C, Li Y, Zhou F, Yang M, Xiang B, Hao L, Yang X, Zeng J. The Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and High-Energy Diets and Academic Performance in Junior School Students. Nutrients. 2022; 14(17):3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173577
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Yan, Chan Peng, Yanming Li, Feng Zhou, Mei Yang, Bing Xiang, Liping Hao, Xuefeng Yang, and Jing Zeng. 2022. "The Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and High-Energy Diets and Academic Performance in Junior School Students" Nutrients 14, no. 17: 3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173577