Association of rs738409 Polymorphism in Adiponutrin Gene with Liver Steatosis and Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in Greek Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection
2.2. Anthropometric and Biochemical Measures
2.3. Genotyping
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical and Biochemical Parameters by Subgroups of Participants
3.2. Distribution of the rs738409 Polymorphism by Group and Association with NAFLD/NASH
3.3. Association of Clinical and Biochemical Parameters with PNPLA3 Gene and NAFL/NASH
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (N = 91) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight/Obese with NAFDL/NASH N = 31 (34%) | Overweight/Obese without NAFDL/NASH N = 33 (36%) | Normal Weight with NAFDL/NASH N = 27 (30%) | ||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | χ2 (p-Value) | |
Gender | 1.37 (0.50) ## | |||
Male | 20 (64.5) | 17 (51.5) | 14 (51.9) | |
Female | 11 (35.5) | 16 (48.5) | 13 (48.1) | |
Systolic BP (percentile) | FISHER’s exact test (<0.01) *** | |||
<90 | 20 (64.5) | 24 (72.7) | 27 (100) | |
90–95 | 0 (0) | 3 (9.1) | 0 (0) | |
95–99 | 8 (25.8) | 4 (12.1) | 0 (0) | |
>99 | 3 (9.7) | 2 (6.1) | 0 (0) | |
Diastolic BP (percentile) | FISHER’s exact test (0.1668) ## | |||
<90 | 27 (87.1) | 30 (90.9) | 27 (100) | |
90–95 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
95–99 | 4 (12.9) | 3 (9.1) | 0 (0) | |
>99 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Rs738409 polymorphism | 27.54 (<0.01) ** | |||
CC | 11 (35.5) | 25 (75.8) | 3 (11.1) | |
CG | 9 (29) | 5 (15.2) | 9 (33.3) | |
GG | 11 (35.5) | 3 (9.1) | 15 (55.6) | |
NAFLD | 27/31 (87.1) | 0 | 20/27 (74.1) | |
NASH | 4/31 (12.9) | 0 | 7/27 (25.9) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F a (p-value) | |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 10.71 (2.55) | 10.18 (2.51) | 9.19 (3.79) | 1.56 (0.22) ## |
Waist circumference (cm) | 75.95 (13.94) | 77.28 (11.92) | 58.17 (8.14) | 34.11 (<0.01) *** |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 168.94 (37.37) | 173.76 (32.26) | 165.81 (30.09) | 0.43 (0.65) ## |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 41.10 (11.48) | 46.48 (14.00) | 47.30 (10.80) | 1.96 (0.15) ## |
ALP (U/L) | 240.77 (94.9) | 221.15 (69.73) | 229.78 (53.78) | 0.44 (0.64) ## |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 82.55 (9.6) | 84.61 (7.16) | 83.74 (9.3) | 1.96 (0.15) ## |
Total protein (g/dL) | 7.29 (0.82) | 7.22 (0.83) | 7.37 (0.79) | 0.25 (0.78) ## |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 102.10 (31.63) | 105.73(27.43) | 97.52 (25.21) | 0.62 (0.54) ## |
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | H b (p-value) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 (4.34) | 27.82 (4.15) | 15.7 (1.9) | 56.78 (<0.01) *** |
TG (mg/dL) | 95.5 (87.75) | 90 (47) | 83 (53) | 1.05 (0.59) ## |
AST (IU/mL) | 35 (20) | 24 (8) | 34 (28) | 11.45 (<0.01) *** |
ALT (IU/mL) | 47 (70) | 21 (9) | 48 (56.5) | 17.21 (<0.01) *** |
Insulin (μIU/mL) | 6.09 (11.77) | 4.9 (8.53) | 3.21 (11) | 4.69 (0.10) ## |
Systolic BP | 111 (20.5) | 109 (16) | 98 (7) | 17.76 (<0.01) *** |
Diastolic BP | 65 (18) | 62 (20) | 58 (9.5) | 7.70 (0.02) * |
HOMA-IR | 2.58 (2.57) | 1.56 (1.81) | 1.33 (1.7) | 5.06 (0.08) # |
γGT | 23.13 (9) | 17.18 (9) | 14.78 (4.5) | 9.58 (<0.01) ** |
Overweight/Obese with NAFDL/NASH (Ν = 31) | Overweight/Obese without NAFDL/NASH(Ν = 33) | Normal Weight with NAFDL/NASH(Ν = 27) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
↑TC (%) | 7/31 (22.6) | 6/33 (18.2) | 6/27 (22.2) | 0.89 |
↑LDL-C (%) | 9/31 (29) | 6/33 (18.2) | 3/27 (11.11) | 0.22 |
↓HDL-C (%) | 11/31 (35.5) | 11/33 (33.3) | 5/27 (18.5) | 0.31 |
↑TG (%) | 11/31 (36.70) | 9/33 (27.3) | 8/27 (29.6) | 0.71 |
Total Sample (N = 91) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
CC N = 39 (43%) | CG N = 23 (25%) | GG N = 29 (32%) | ||
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | χ2 (p-Value) | |
Gender | 0.36 (0.83) ## | |||
Male | 23 (59) | 13 (56.5) | 15 (51.7) | |
Female | 16 (41) | 10 (43.5) | 14 (48.3) | |
Systolic BP (percentile) | FISHER’s exact test (0.57) ## | |||
<90 | 31 (79.5) | 18 (78.3) | 22 (75.9) | |
90–95 | 1 (2.6) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | |
95–99 | 5 (12.8) | 3 (13) | 4 (13.8) | |
>99 | 2 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (10.3) | |
Diastolic BP (percentile) | FISHER’s exact test (0.25) ## | |||
<90 | 38 (97.4) | 21 (91.3) | 25 (86.2) | |
90–95 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
95–99 | 1 (2.6) | 2 (8.7) | 4 (13.8) | |
>99 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
GROUP | 27.54 (<0.01) *** | |||
Overweight-obese with NAFDL/NASH | 11 (28.2) | 9 (39.1) | 11 (37.9) | |
Overweight-obese without NAFDL/NASH | 25 (64.1) | 5 (21.7) | 3 (10.3) | |
Normal weight with NAFDL/NASH | 3 (7.7) | 9 (39.1) | 15 (51.7) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | F a (p-value) | |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 10.59 (2.75) | 10 (3.37) | 9.41 (2.95) | 1.3 (0.28) ## |
WC (cm) | 73.89 (12.76) | 69.83 (13.19) | 68.53 (16.96) | 1.29 (0.28) ## |
TC (mg/dL) | 173.72 (28.46) | 168.57 (41.58) | 165.38 (32.57) | 0.54 (0.59) ## |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45.44 (12.85) | 42.39 (10.46) | 46.14 (13.46) | 0.64 (0.53) ## |
ALP (U/L) | 219.74 (87.83) | 242.78 (73.73) | 234.90 (55.38) | 0.65 (0.52) ## |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.28 (7.17) | 84.52 (10.65) | 82.10 (8.80) | 0.68 (0.51) ## |
Total protein (g/dL) | 7.21 (0.83) | 7.43 (0.99) | 7.28 (0.62) | 0.53 (0.59) ## |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 104.05 (23.29) | 104.83 (37.43) | 97.17 (26.16) | 0.7 (0.5) ## |
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | H b (p-value) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 (24.87) | 23.67 (11.30) | 16.80 (10.86) | 15.04 (<0.01) *** |
TG (mg/dL) | 97 (64.5) | 83 (44.5) | 85 (73) | 1.99 (0.37) ## |
AST (IU/mL) | 26 (14) | 29 (17) | 40 (28) | 5.58 (0.06) # |
ALT (IU/mL) | 21 (15.5) | 29 (44) | 47 (53) | 6.96 (0.03)* |
Insulin (μIU/mL) | 5.01 (11) | 3.63 (7.61) | 6.09 (9.49) | 3.67 (0.16) ## |
SBP | 100 (21) | 104 (13.5) | 101 (14) | 0.19 (0.91) ## |
DBP | 62 (22) | 61 (10) | 60 (10) | 0.58 (0.75) ## |
HOMA-IR | 1.1 (2.57) | 0.8 (1.07) | 1.43 (1.71) | 3.05 (0.22) ## |
γGT | 16 (8.5) | 13 (5) | 16 (7) | 2.89 (0.24) ## |
Without NAFLD/NASH N = 33 (36.3%) | With NAFLD/NASH N = 58 (63.7%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | χ2 (p-Value) | |
Gender | 0.19 (0.66) ## | ||
Male | 17 (51.5) | 34 (58.6) | |
Female | 16 (48.5) | 24 (41.4) | |
Systolic BP (percentile) | FISHER’s exact test (0.15) ## | ||
<90 | 24 (72.7) | 47 (81) | |
90–95 | 3 (9.1) | 0 (0) | |
95–99 | 4 (12.1) | 8 (13.8) | |
>99 | 2 (6.1) | 3 (5.2) | |
Diastolic BP (percentile) | FISHER’s exact test (0.70) ## | ||
<90 | 30 (90.9) | 54 (93.1) | |
90–95 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
95–99 | 3 (9.1) | 4 (6.9) | |
>99 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Rs738409 polymorphism | 23.6 (<0.01) *** | ||
CC | 25 (75.8) | 14 (24.1) | |
CG | 5 (15.2) | 18 (31) | |
GG | 3 (9.1) | 26 (44.8) | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t a (p-value) | |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 10.18 (2.51) | 10 (3.25) | 0.07 (0.78) ## |
WC (cm) | 77.28 (11.92) | 67.67 (14.58) | 10.37 (<0.01) *** |
TC (mg/dL) | 173.76 (32.26) | 167.48 (33.92) | 0.75 (0.39) ## |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 46.48 (14) | 43.98 (11.5) | 0.85 (0.36) ## |
ALP (U/L) | 221.15 (69.73) | 235.66 (78.04) | 0.78 (0.38) ## |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.61(7.16) | 83.10 (9.4) | 0.63 (0.43) ## |
Total protein (g/dL) | 7.22 (0.83) | 7.33 (0.8) | 0.33 (0.57) ## |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 105.73 (27.43) | 99.97 (28.67) | 0.87 (0.35) ## |
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | U b (p-value) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.82 (4.15) | 21.70 (11.18) | 1471.5 (<0.01) *** |
TG (mg/dL) | 90 (47) | 87 (67) | 981 (0.74) ## |
AST (IU/mL) | 24.0 (8) | 34.5 (24.75) | 547.5 (<0.01) *** |
ALT (IU/mL) | 21 (9) | 47.5 (64.75) | 482.5 (<0.01) *** |
Insulin (μIU/mL) | 4.9 (8.53) | 5.63 (11.15) | 869.5 (0.47) ## |
SBP | 109 (16) | 100 (14) | 1022 (0.46) ## |
DBP | 62 (20) | 60 (11.75) | 978 (0.71) ## |
HOMA-IR | 1 (1.81) | 1.25 (2.05) | 877 (0.51) ## |
γGT | 16 (9) | 15 (7.75) | 992.5 (0.77) ## |
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Rs738409 polymorphismCG | 6.04 | 1.27, 33.63 | 0.029 * |
Rs738409 polymorphismGG | 19.27 | 2.92, 213.31 | <0.01 ** |
Gender, Female | 0.66 | 0.17, 2.50 | 0.54 ## |
Age (years) | 1.37 | 0.96, 2.09 | 0.10 ## |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.94 | 0.84, 1.03 | 0.22 ## |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.87 | 0.71, 1.06 | 0.19 ## |
AST (IU/mL) | 1.03 | 0.95, 1.12 | 0.48 ## |
ALT (IU/mL) | 1.06 | 1.02, 1.14 | 0.02 * |
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Stasinou, E.; Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki, E.; Kavga, M.; Sotiriadou, F.; Lambropoulos, A.F.; Fotoulaki, M.; Papadopoulou-Legbelou, K. Association of rs738409 Polymorphism in Adiponutrin Gene with Liver Steatosis and Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in Greek Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173452
Stasinou E, Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki E, Kavga M, Sotiriadou F, Lambropoulos AF, Fotoulaki M, Papadopoulou-Legbelou K. Association of rs738409 Polymorphism in Adiponutrin Gene with Liver Steatosis and Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in Greek Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2022; 14(17):3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173452
Chicago/Turabian StyleStasinou, Eleanna, Elpida Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki, Maria Kavga, Fotini Sotiriadou, Alexandros F. Lambropoulos, Maria Fotoulaki, and Kyriaki Papadopoulou-Legbelou. 2022. "Association of rs738409 Polymorphism in Adiponutrin Gene with Liver Steatosis and Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in Greek Children and Adolescents" Nutrients 14, no. 17: 3452. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173452