The Impact of Lower-Strength Alcohol Products on Alcohol Purchases by Spanish Households
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The purchase of no-alcohol beers is substituted for the purchase of all other higher-strength beers, leading to fewer grams of alcohol purchased;
- The purchase of no-alcohol wines is substituted for the purchase of all other higher-strength wines, leading to fewer grams of alcohol purchased; and
- The purchase of 20% ABV variants of same-branded whisky and gin is substituted for the purchase of the regular-strength variants of the whisky and gin, leading to fewer grams of alcohol purchased.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Source
3. Statistical Analyses
4. Results
Households and Purchases
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intercept | Level Change Due to Event | ABV All Other Beer/Wine | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Purchase > 90 Days | First Purchase > 180 Days | First Purchase > 90 Days | First Purchase > 180 Days | First Purchase > 90 Days | First Purchase > 180 Days | ||
Beer: no-alcohol beer with ABV ≤0.5% | No-alcohol beer (mL) | 0 | 0 | 116.5 (115.6 to 117.4) | 113.7 (112.9 to 114.5) | - | - |
All other beer (mL) | 1181.0 (1180.0 to 1182.0) | 1181.9 (1180.8 to 1183.0) | −72.7 (−74.1 to −71.4) | −71.9 (−73.4 to −70.3) | - | - | |
Alcohol in all products (grams) | 105.0 (102.4 to 107.6) | 108.2 (105.7 to 110.7) | −5.3 (−5.7 to −5.0) | −3.9 (−4.2 to −3.6) | 0.14 (−0.40 to 0.67) | −0.43 (−0.94 to 0.08) | |
Beer: no-alcohol beer with ABV ≤1.0% | No-alcohol beer (mL) | 0 | - | 150.0 (149.4 to 150.6) | - | - | - |
All other beer (mL) | 1204.3 (1203.2 to 1205.5) | - | −114.6 (−116.2 to −113.0) | - | - | - | |
Alcohol in all products (grams) | 118.9 (114.6 to 123.3) | - | −2.4 (−2.8 to −2.1) | - | |||
Wine | No-alcohol wine (mL) | 0 | 0 | 77.2 (76.2 to 78.2) | 79.8 (79.6 to 80.0) | - | - |
All other wine (mL) | 505.0 (503.5 to 506.4) | 508.1 (508.0 to 508.2) | −92.1 (−94.1 to −90.1) | −96.6 (−96.4 to −96.8) | - | - | |
Alcohol in all products (grams) | 104.3 (101.1 to 107.5) | 103.2 (100.8 to 105.6) | −8.2 (−8.6 to −7.8) | −8.2 (−8.6 to −7.9) | −0.06 (−0.33 to 0.21) | 0.12 (−0.09 to 0.32) |
Beer | Wine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Intercept | Level Change | Intercept | Level Change | |
18–34 | 113.6 (112.9 to 114.4) | −28.53 (−29.37 to −27.69) | 118.9 (117.3 to 120.5) | −7.15 (−8.55 to −5.75) | |
35–49 | 113.3 (113.0 to 113.5) | −10.63 (−11.42 to −9.83) | 111.7 (111.5 to 111.9) | −5.13 (−6.36 to −3.90) | |
50–64 | 92.6 (92.3 to 92.9) | 2.58 (1.79 to 3.38) | 86.6 (86.2 to 87.0) | 12.83 (11.59 to 14.06) | |
65+ (reference category) | 114.8 (114.6 to 115.0) | 0.00 (. to .) | 119.0 (118.7 to 119.4) | 0.00 (. to .) | |
Social Grade | |||||
Medium–high and high | 104.5 (104.2 to 104.9) | 2.37 (1.60 to 3.15) | 87.3 (86.5 to 88.1) | 31.34 (30.10 to 32.58) | |
Medium–medium | 96.2 (96.0 to 96.4) | −3.62 (−4.40 to −2.85) | 106.9 (106.0 to 107.8) | −0.34 (−1.55 to 0.87) | |
Medium–low | 105.7 (105.3 to 106.2) | 7.45 (6.68 to 8.23) | 110.4 (110.0 to 110.7) | 5.62 (4.41 to 6.83) | |
Low (reference category) | 113.6 (113.1 to 114.1) | 0.00 (. to .) | 107.6 (107.2 to 107.9) | 0.00 (. to .) | |
Autonomous Community | |||||
Castilla–La Mancha a | 134.1 (133.9 to 134.4) | −46.0 (−47.0 to −45.1) | Galicia a | 146.4 (143.7 to 149.1) | −92.5 (−94.7 to −90.4) |
Balearic Islands | 119.9 (119.2 to 120.5) | −27.4 (−28.4 to −26.5) | Catalonia | 143.4 (142.9 to 143.9) | −71.9 (−73.8 to −69.9) |
Catalonia | 117.4 (116.9 to 117.9) | −31.7 (−32.6 to −30.8) | Castilla–La Mancha | 138.4 (137.9 to 138.9) | −37.5 (−39.5 to −35.5) |
Aragon | 111.8 (111.8 to 111.8) | −29.7 (−30.6 to −28.8) | Navarre | 134.7 (134.7 to 134.7) | −19.4 (−23.0 to −15.8) |
Valencian Community | 108.4 (108.2 to 108.6) | −25.1 (−26.0 to −24.2) | Castile and León | 111.4 (111.1 to 111.6) | −11.4 (−13.4 to −9.4) |
Castile and León | 106.5 (106.5 to 106.5) | −14.4 (−15.3 to −13.5) | Community of Madrid | 102.2 (101.9 to 102.5) | −36.7 (−38.6 to −34.7) |
Extremadura | 106.3 (105.8 to 106.8) | −13.6 (−14.5 to −12.7) | Andalusia | 100.4 (100.3 to 100.6) | −28.3 (−30.2 to −26.4) |
Andalusia | 105.2 (104.9 to 105.5) | −14.7 (−15.6 to −13.8) | La Rioja | 98.4 (98.4 to 98.4) | −51.3 (−56.3 to −46.3) |
Canary Islands | 101.9 (101.5 to 102.3) | −37.8 (−38.7 to −36.9) | Basque Country | 94.4 (91.1 to 97.7) | 57.5 (55.0 to 60.0) |
Basque Country | 98.4 (98.1 to 98.6) | −14.3 (−15.2 to −13.4) | Murcia | 94.2 (93.4 to 95.0) | −18.9 (−21.2 to −16.7) |
Community of Madrid | 96.0 (95.7 to 96.3) | −20.7 (−21.6 to −19.8) | Aragon | 89.4 (89.4 to 89.4) | −19.4 (−21.9 to −16.9) |
Galicia | 95.0 (94.7 to 95.4) | −25.3 (−26.2 to −24.4) | Balearic Islands | 86.1 (83.8 to 88.3) | −19.4 (−21.7 to −17.2) |
Murcia | 91.8 (90.9 to 92.7) | −13.6 (−14.5 to −12.7) | Extremadura | 82.1 (80.8 to 83.4) | −26.6 (−28.8 to −24.4) |
Cantabria | 84.6 (84.6 to 84.6) | 15.2 (14.2 to 16.2) | Valencian Community | 79.2 (78.3 to 80.2) | −13.7 (−15.7 to −11.8) |
Asturias | 81.4 (81.4 to 81.4) | −14.4 (−15.3 to −13.5) | Cantabria | 78.4 (76.9 to 80.0) | 39.0 (36.6 to 41.4) |
Navarre | 76.0 (76.0 to 76.0) | −14.4 (−15.4 to −13.4) | Canary Islands | 67.2 (66.5 to 68.0) | −7.7 (−10.1 to −5.3) |
La Rioja (reference category) | 71.4 (71.4 to 71.4) | 0.0 (. to .) | Asturias (reference category) | 66.0 (66.0 to 66.0) | 0.0 (. to .) |
Intercept a | Level Change a | |
---|---|---|
Bottles (adjusted to 700 m per bottle) of 20% ABV variant | 0.00 | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) |
Bottles (adjusted to 700 m per bottle) of regular-strength variant | 1.29 (1.28 to 1.30) | 0.07 (0.05 to 0.10) |
All grams of alcohol within all products | 120.32 (118.12 to 122.52) | −8.70 (−15.76 to −1.65) |
All grams of alcohol within all studied variants of branded whisky and gin | 155.97 (155.76 to 156.17) | 22.17 (21.51 to 22.82) |
All grams of alcohol within all other spirits (excluding all studied variants of branded whisky and gin) | 161.72 (161.40 to 162.05) | −41.92 (−42.97 to −40.87) |
All grams of alcohol within all spirit products | 158.80 (157.82 to 159.79) | −26.70 (−29.84 to −23.56) |
Mean alcohol by volume (ABV) in all spirit products | 39.36 (39.28 to 39.44) | −6.09 (−6.35 to −5.83) |
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Anderson, P.; Kokole, D. The Impact of Lower-Strength Alcohol Products on Alcohol Purchases by Spanish Households. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3412. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163412
Anderson P, Kokole D. The Impact of Lower-Strength Alcohol Products on Alcohol Purchases by Spanish Households. Nutrients. 2022; 14(16):3412. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163412
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnderson, Peter, and Daša Kokole. 2022. "The Impact of Lower-Strength Alcohol Products on Alcohol Purchases by Spanish Households" Nutrients 14, no. 16: 3412. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163412