Local Measures to Curb Dollar Store Growth: A Policy Scan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Policy Identification
2.2. Document Analysis and Geographic Data
3. Results
3.1. Municipality Characteristics
3.2. Relevant Policy Provisions
3.3. Purpose of Legislation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mechanism | Definition | Example Text |
---|---|---|
Moratorium | A ban on rezoning or permit applications. Moratoria are frequently imposed to preserve the status quo before adopting a new zoning ordinance. | Cleveland Ord. No. 411-2019. This Council establishes a moratorium on the review and issuance of zoning permits, certificates of occupancy, and other license or permit applications for small box discount stores until 31 December 2020 or until such time as the City has established regulations regarding review and issuance of small box discount stores, whichever is earlier |
Special Exception | A land use permitted with local government approval. The approval process involves ensuring the standards outlined in the ordinance are met, usually after a public hearing. The terms “special use” and “conditional use” are often used interchangeably with “special exception,” the only difference being that the jurisdiction’s governing body rather than a zoning board must approve “conditional uses.” | Fort Worth Ord. No. 21,653. A small box discount store may be permitted in accordance with the use tables in Chapter 4, Articles 6, 8 and 12. The City Council may consider the following criteria: (a) the proposed location is no less than 2 miles from any existing small box discount store (b) a minimum of 10% of the floor area is dedicated to fresh produce, meat, and dairy products |
Prohibited Use | Any use of land, which is not specifically listed as a use or special exception within a zoning district. Local officials may grant a variance, allowing owners to use the land in a manner normally prohibited if the owner demonstrates undue hardship. | Baytown Ord. No. 14,380. Any of the following land uses shall not occur unless it is approved by city council as part of a planned unit development (PUD): Small box discount retail |
Overlay District | A district applied over one or more existing zoning districts, typically to establish additional or stricter standards for new properties. | Birmingham Ord. No. 15-133. The intent of this Article is to establish a Healthy Food Overlay District for the City of Birmingham. The regulations of this section apply to all new uses and structures within the boundaries of the Healthy Food Overlay District…mapped using the low-income/low access census tract data identified as food deserts by the USDA |
Municipality | Policy Year | Population Size a | % Black a | % Hispanic a | % Poverty a | Land Area (sq. mile) b | Number of Dollar Stores | Dollar Stores (per sq. mile) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birmingham, AL | 2019 | 209,403 | 71 | 4 | 27 | 146.1 | 55 | 0.38 |
Palm City, FL | 2020 | 23,120 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 13.9 | 0 | 0 |
Atlanta, GA | 2019 | 506,811 | 52 | 4 | 22 | 133.2 | 81 | 0.61 |
College Park, GA | 2020 | 15,159 | 80 | 4 | 30 | 10.1 | 2 | 0.20 |
Clarkston, GA | 2020 | 12,637 | 60 | 4 | 31 | 1.1 | 4 | 3.64 |
DeKalb County, GA | 2020 | 759,297 | 55 | 9 | 14 | 267.6 | 68 | 0.25 |
East Point, GA | 2020 | 34,875 | 76 | 9 | 22 | 14.7 | 6 | 0.41 |
Stonecrest, GA | 2019 | 54,522 | 94 | 2 | 19 | 37.2 | 5 | 0.13 |
Wyandotte County, KS | 2019 | 491,918 | 29 | 10 | 17 | 315.0 | 1 | 0.003 |
New Orleans, LA | 2019 | 391,006 | 60 | 6 | 25 | 169.4 | 46 | 0.27 |
Melvindale, MI | 2019 | 10,248 | 14 | 22 | 28 | 2.7 | 2 | 0.74 |
Southfield, MI | 2020 | 72,689 | 69 | 2 | 11 | 26.3 | 12 | 0.46 |
Akron, OH | 2019 | 197,597 | 30 | 2 | 23 | 62.0 | 46 | 0.74 |
Broadview Heights, OH | 2019 | 19,102 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 13.1 | 1 | 0.08 |
Brunswick, OH | 2020 | 34,880 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 12.9 | 3 | 0.23 |
Cleveland, OH | 2019 | 381,009 | 50 | 12 | 35 | 77.7 | 80 | 1.03 |
North Royalton, OH | 2020 | 30,068 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 21.3 | 1 | 0.05 |
Toledo, OH | 2020 | 272,779 | 27 | 9 | 26 | 80.7 | 48 | 0.59 |
Oklahoma City, OK | 2019 | 649,021 | 15 | 19 | 17 | 606.4 | 88 | 0.15 |
Tulsa, OK | 2018 | 400,669 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 196.8 | 56 | 0.28 |
Mauldin, SC | 2020 | 25,409 | 25 | 9 | 8 | 10.0 | 3 | 0.30 |
Baytown, TX | 2020 | 77,192 | 19 | 45 | 16 | 35.5 | 17 | 0.48 |
Fort Worth, TX | 2019 | 895,008 | 19 | 35 | 16 | 399.8 | 76 | 0.19 |
Manvel, TX | 2020 | 12,671 | 20 | 34 | 4 | 23.5 | 1 | 0.04 |
Mesquite, TX | 2018 | 142,816 | 26 | 40 | 13 | 46.0 | 19 | 0.41 |
Municipality | Defining Size of Dollar Store (sq. feet) | Legal Mechanism(s) | Time Period | Limitation(s) | Healthy Food Incentives |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palm City, FL | <16,000 | moratorium | 120 days | - | - |
Clarkston, GA | 7500–16,000 | moratorium | until 9/21/20 (~6 months) | - | - |
DeKalb County, GA | <16,000 | moratorium | 45 days; extended an additional 180 days | - | - |
East Point, GA | <16,000 | moratorium | 120 days | - | - |
Southfield, MI | 5000–15,000 | moratorium | 180 days | - | - |
Broadview Heights, OH | <15,000 | moratorium | 12 months | - | - |
Brunswick, OH | 3000–15,000 | moratorium | 6 months; extended an additional 6 months | - | - |
Cleveland, OH | 3000–15,000 | moratorium | 19 months | - | Waives conditions for stores that dedicate at least 15% of shelf space to fresh foods and produce |
North Royalton, OH | 3000–15,000 | moratorium | 12 months | - | - |
Toledo, OH | <15,000 | moratorium | until 12/31/20 (~7 months) | - | - |
Mauldin, SC | <10,000 | moratorium | 180 days | - | Waives conditions for stores that dedicate at least 15% floor area to fresh foods and vegetables |
Oklahoma City, OK | <12,000 | moratorium with special exception | 180 days | within 1 mile of an existing dollar store | - |
College Park, GA | <15,000 | prohibited use | permanent | - | - |
Stonecrest, GA | <12,000 | prohibited use (overlay) | permanent | - | - |
Baytown, TX | <12,000 | prohibited use (overlay) | permanent | - | - |
Birmingham, AL | <12,000 | special exception (overlay) | permanent | within 1 mile of an existing dollar store | Reduces parking requirement for grocery stores; allows produce sales in community gardens |
Atlanta, GA | <12,000 | special exception | permanent | within 1 mile of an existing dollar store | - |
Wyandotte County, KS | <15,000 | special exception | permanent | within 10,000 ft. of an existing dollar store or 200 ft. of a residence | Waives conditions for stores that dedicate at least 15% of shelf space to fresh or fresh frozen food |
New Orleans, LA | 5000–15,000 | special exception | permanent | within 2 miles of an existing dollar store in New Orleans East and the West Bank and within 1 mile of an existing dollar store elsewhere | Waives conditions for stores that dedicate at least 15% of shelf space to fresh or fresh frozen food; entitles grocery stores that dedicate 30% or more of shelf/display area to fresh/fresh frozen foods to an additional 5000 sq. ft |
Melvindale, MI | <12,000 | special exception | permanent | within 2500 ft. of an existing dollar store | Waives conditions for stores that dedicate at least 15% of floor area to fresh produce, meat, and dairy |
Akron, OH | NS | special exception | permanent | within 2500 ft. of an existing dollar store | - |
Tulsa, OK | <12,000 | special exception (overlay) | permanent | within 1 mile of an existing dollar store | Reduces parking requirement for grocery stores; allows produce sales in community gardens |
Fort Worth, TX | <10,000 | special exception | permanent | within 2 miles of an existing dollar store | Waives conditions for stores that dedicate at least 15% of floor area to fresh foods and vegetables |
Manvel, TX | NS | special exception | permanent | within 2 miles of an existing dollar store and a minimum of 10% of floor space dedicated to fresh produce, meat, and dairy products | - |
Mesquite, TX | N/A | special exception | permanent | within 5000 ft. of an existing dollar store | - |
Municipality | Overarching Objective of Legislation | Purpose of Legislation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Address Lack of Healthy Food Options | Expand Diversity of Retail Stores | Improve Community Safety/Blight | Support Local Economy and Businesses | Enhance Community Aesthetics | Address Labor and Cost Concerns | ||
Birmingham, AL | Modify existing regulations to allow for more diverse retail options and convenient access to fresh meats, fruits, and vegetables | X | X | ||||
Palm City, FL | Mitigate negative secondary effects of use on public health, safety, and welfare | X | X | X | X | X | |
Atlanta, GA | Prevent proliferation in economically depressed areas with scarce access to healthy and affordable food options | X | X | X | |||
College Park, GA | Prevent economically depressive state of neighborhoods and diminishment viability of supermarkets | X | X | ||||
Clarkston, GA | Protect the public health, welfare, and aesthetics of the city | X | X | X | |||
DeKalb County, GA a | Study the effects of small box discount stores on health, safety, and welfare | ||||||
East Point, GA | Study the effects on health, safety, and welfare of the city’s residents and businesses | X | X | ||||
Stonecrest, GA | Address the economically depressive state of neighborhoods and diminishment viability of alternative options | X | X | X | X | ||
Wyandotte County, KS | Regulate availability to assure the best possible opportunity to provide fresh fruits and vegetables to the community | X | X | X | X | X | |
New Orleans, LA | Address rapid proliferation that may impede the successful entry of full-line grocery stores | X | X | X | |||
Melvindale, MI | Regulate the proliferation of stores in the city and improve opportunities to offer fresh healthy foods | X | X | ||||
Southfield, MI | Prevent potential negative effects on the business of the city’s existing supermarkets | X | X | ||||
Akron, OH | Guard against local business disinvestment within neighborhoods that lack access to fresh food | X | X | X | X | X | |
Broadview Heights, OH | Address proliferation to protect the health, safety, and welfare of community members | X | X | X | X | X | |
Brunswick, OH a | Preserve the public health, safety, and general welfare of the city’s residents and property owners | ||||||
Cleveland, OH | Preserve public peace, property, health, safety, and welfare | X | X | X | X | X | |
North Royalton, OH a | Preserve the public peace, health, safety, and welfare of the city and review the city’s proposed master plan | ||||||
Toledo, OH | Study the impact on public health and safety | X | X | ||||
Oklahoma City, OK | Regulation to preserve property values, prevent blight, and protect the health, safety, and general welfare of the residents | X | X | X | |||
Tulsa, OK | Reduce over-concentration of small box discount stores to increase diversity of retail activity and allow for community-based approaches to distributing healthy foods | X | X | X | |||
Mauldin, SC | Study the effects on local business, job growth, and access to fresh foods | X | X | X | X | X | |
Baytown, TX | Improve the city’s image and recruit higher-end retail establishments that provide retail diversity | X | X | X | |||
Fort Worth, TX | Promote access to healthy food options in underserved neighborhoods | X | |||||
Manvel, TX | Expand the diversity of retail businesses in the city | X | X | ||||
Mesquite, TX | Promote the availability of fresh and quality foods, especially in underserved neighborhoods | X | X | ||||
TOTAL, n (%) | 20 (80%) | 19 (76%) | 10 (40%) | 9 (36%) | 7 (28%) | 4 (16%) |
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McCarthy, J.; Minovi, D.; Singleton, C.R. Local Measures to Curb Dollar Store Growth: A Policy Scan. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153092
McCarthy J, Minovi D, Singleton CR. Local Measures to Curb Dollar Store Growth: A Policy Scan. Nutrients. 2022; 14(15):3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153092
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcCarthy, Julia, Darya Minovi, and Chelsea R. Singleton. 2022. "Local Measures to Curb Dollar Store Growth: A Policy Scan" Nutrients 14, no. 15: 3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153092
APA StyleMcCarthy, J., Minovi, D., & Singleton, C. R. (2022). Local Measures to Curb Dollar Store Growth: A Policy Scan. Nutrients, 14(15), 3092. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153092