The Impact of Digital Screen Time on Dietary Habits and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Canadian Paediatric Society, Digital Health Task Force, Ottawa, Ontario. Screen time and young children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatr. Child Health 2017, 22, 461–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Council on Communication and Media; Hill, D.; Ameenuddin, N.; Reid Chassiakos, Y.L.; Cross, C.; Hutchinson, J.; Levine, A.; Boyd, R.; Mendelson, R.; Moreno, M.; et al. Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics 2016, 138, 20162591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Sleep for Children under 5 Years of Age. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (WHO/NMH/PND/19.2). Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311664/9789241550536-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 12 June 2022).
- Okely, A.D.; Ghersi, D.; Hesketh, K.D.; Santos, R.; Loughran, S.P.; Cliff, D.P.; Shilton, T.; Grant, D.; Jones, R.A.; Stanley, R.M.; et al. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines—The Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the early years (Birth to 5 years): An integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pfeifer, K.; Banzer, W.; Ferrari, N.; Füzéki, E.; Geidl, W.; Graf, C.; Hartung, V.; Klamroth, S.; Völker, K.; Vogt, L. Recommendations for physical activity. In National Recommendations for Physical Activity and Physical Activity Promotion; Rütten, A., Pfeifer, K., Eds.; FAU University Press: Erlangen, Germany, 2016; p. 28. [Google Scholar]
- The Health Impacts of Screen Time: A Guide for Clinicians and Parents. The Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH). Available online: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2018-12/rcpch_screen_time_guide_-_final.pdf (accessed on 5 July 2022).
- McArthur, B.A.; Volkova, V.; Tomopoulos, S.; Madigan, S. Global Prevalence of Meeting Screen Time Guidelines Among Children 5 Years and Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 2022, 176, 373–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whiting, S.; Buoncristiano, M.; Gelius, P.; Abu-Omar, K.; Pattison, M.; Hyska, J.; Duleva, V.; Musić Milanović, S.; Zamrazilová, H.; Hejgaard, T.; et al. Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Duration of Children Aged 6–9 Years in 25 Countries: An Analysis within the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) 2015–2017. Obes. Facts 2021, 14, 32–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carroll, N.; Sadowski, A.; Laila, A.; Hruska, V.; Nixon, M.; Ma, D.W.L.; Haines, J.; On Behalf of the Guelph Family Health Study. The Impact of COVID-19 on Health Behavior, Stress, Financial and Food Security among Middle to High Income Canadian Families with Young Children. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moitra, P.; Madan, J. Impact of screen time during COVID-19 on eating habits, physical activity, sleep, and depression symptoms: A cross-sectional study in Indian adolescents. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, 0264951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łuszczki, E.; Bartosiewicz, A.; Pezdan-Śliż, I.; Kuchciak, M.; Jagielski, P.; Oleksy, Ł.; Stolarczyk, A.; Dereń, K. Children’s Eating Habits, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Media Usage before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goode, J.A.; Fomby, P.; Mollborn, S.; Limburg, A. Children’s Technology Time in Two US Cohorts. Children’s Technology Time in Two US Cohorts. Child Indic. Res. 2020, 13, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trott, M.; Driscoll, R.; Irlado, E.; Pardhan, S. Changes and correlates of screen time in adults and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022, 48, 101452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wunsch, K.; Kienberger, K.; Niessner, C. Changes in Physical Activity Patterns Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Musa, S.; Elyaman, R.; Dergaa, I. COVID-19 and screen-based sedentary behaviour: Systematic review of digital screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0265560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferrante, G.; Mollicone, D.; Cazzato, S.; Lombardi, E.; Pifferi, M.; Turchetta, A.; Tancredi, G.; La Grutta, S. COVID-19 Pandemic and Reduced Physical Activity: Is There an Impact on Healthy and Asthmatic Children? Front. Pediatrics 2021, 9, 695703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferreira, J.; Prucha, B.; Pinto, O.; Souto, R.; Lima, R.P.; Morna, C. Screen Time Use in Children Less Than Five Years Old. Nascer e Crescer—Birth Growth Med. J. 2020, 29, 188–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaur, N.; Gupta, M.; Malhi, P.; Grover, S. Prevalence of Screen Time Among Children Aged 2 to 5 Years in Chandigarh, a North Indian Union Territory. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatrics 2022, 43, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Kuwahara, K. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2020, 63, 531–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.F.; Liao, M.Q.; Cai, W.L.; Yu, X.X.; Li, S.N.; Ke, X.Y.; Tan, S.X.; Luo, Z.Y.; Cui, Y.F.; Wang, Q.; et al. Physical activity, screen exposure and sleep among students during the pandemic of COVID-19. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 8529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stiglic, N.; Viner, R.M. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e023191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, C.; Cheng, G.; Sha, T.; Cheng, W.; Yan, Y. The Relationships between Screen Use and Health Indicators among Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, K.; Mu, M.; Liu, K.; He, Y. Screen time and childhood overweight/obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child. Care Health Dev. 2019, 45, 744–753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Araújo, L.G.M.; Turi, B.C.; Locci, B.; Mesquita, C.A.A.; Fonsati, N.B.; Monteiro, H.L. Patterns of Physical Activity and Screen Time Among Brazilian Children. J. Phys. Act. Health 2018, 15, 457–461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tambalis, K.D.; Panagiotakos, D.B.; Psarra, G.; Sidossis, L.S. Screen time and its effect on dietary habits and lifestyle among schoolchildren. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 2020, 28, 260–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shang, L.; Wang, J.; O’Loughlin, J.; Tremblay, A.; Mathieu, M.È.; Henderson, M.; Gray-Donald, K. Screen time is associated with dietary intake in overweight Canadian children. Prev. Med. Rep. 2015, 2, 265–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nittari, G.; Scuri, S.; Petrelli, F.; Pirillo, I.; di Luca, N.M.; Grappasonni, I. Fighting obesity in children from European World Health Organization member states. Epidemiological data, medical-social aspects, and prevention programs. Clin. Ter. 2019, 170, e223–e230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, R.; Zheng, H.; Lu, C. The Association Between Sedentary Screen Time, Non-screen-based Sedentary Time, and Overweight in Chinese Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front. Pediatrics 2021, 9, 767608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engberg, E.; Leppänen, M.H.; Sarkkola, C.; Viljakainen, H. Physical Activity Among Preadolescents Modifies the Long-Term Association Between Sedentary Time Spent Using Digital Media and the Increased Risk of Being Overweight. J. Phys. Act. Health 2021, 18, 1105–1112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alturki, H.A.; Brookes, D.S.; Davies, P.S. Does spending more time on electronic screen devices determine the weight outcomes in obese and normal weight Saudi Arabian children? Saudi Med. J. 2020, 41, 79–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shalitin, S.; Phillip, M.; Yackobovitch-Gavan, M. Changes in body mass index in children and adolescents in Israel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Obes. 2022, 46, 1160–1167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssen, X.; Martin, A.; Hughes, A.R.; Hill, C.M.; Kotronoulas, G.; Hesketh, K.R. Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 2020, 49, 101226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madigan, S.; Browne, D.; Racine, N.; Mori, C.; Tough, S. Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. JAMA Pediatrics 2019, 173, 244–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madigan, S.; McArthur, B.A.; Anhorn, C.; Eirich, R.; Christakis, D.A. Associations Between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics 2020, 174, 665–675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chaput, J.-P.; Willumsen, J.; Bull, F.; Chou, R.; Ekelund, U.; Firth, J.; Jago, R.; Ortega, F.B.; Katzmarzyk, P.T. 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years: Summary of the evidence. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020, 17, 141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mozafarian, N.; Motlagh, M.E.; Heshmat, R.; Karimi, S.; Mansourian, M.; Mohebpour, F.; Qorbani, M.; Kelishadi, R. Factors Associated with Screen Time in Iranian Children and Adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV Study. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2017, 8, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lyngdoh, M.; Akoijam, B.S.; Agui, R.S.; Sonarjit Singh, K. Diet, Physical Activity, and Screen Time among School Students in Manipur. Indian J. Community Med. 2019, 44, 134–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dallolio, L.; Marini, S.; Masini, A.; Toselli, S.; Stagni, R.; Bisi, M.C.; Gori, D.; Tessari, A.; Sansavini, A.; Lanari, M.; et al. The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behaviour in Italian primary school children: A comparison before and during pandemic considering gender differences. BMC Public Health 2022, 22, 52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brzęk, A.; Strauss, M.; Sanchis-Gomar, F.; Leischik, R. Physical Activity, Screen Time, Sedentary and Sleeping Habits of Polish Preschoolers during the COVID-19 Pandemic and WHO’s Recommendations: An Observational Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mineshita, Y.; Kim, H.K.; Chijiki, H.; Nanba, T.; Shinto, T.; Furuhashi, S.; Oneda, S.; Kuwahara, M.; Suwama, A.; Shibata, S. Screen time duration and timing: Effects on obesity, physical activity, dry eyes, and learning ability in elementary school children. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greier, K.; Drenowatz, C.; Ruedl, G.; Riechelmann, H. Association between daily TV time and physical fitness in 6- to 14-year-old Austrian youth. Transl. Pediatrics 2019, 8, 371–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dahlgren, A.; Sjöblom, L.; Eke, H.; Bonn, S.E.; Trolle Lagerros, Y. Screen time and physical activity in children and adolescents aged 10–15 years. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0254255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- La Marra, M.; Caviglia, G.; Perrella, R. Using Smartphones When Eating Increases Caloric Intake in Young People: An Overview of the Literature. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 587886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jusienė, R.; Urbonas, V.; Laurinaitytė, I.; Rakickienė, L.; Breidokienė, R.; Kuzminskaitė, M.; Praninskienė, R. Screen Use During Meals Among Young Children: Exploration of Associated Variables. Medicina 2019, 55, 688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yong, J.Y.Y.; Tong, E.M.W.; Liu, J.C.J. Meal-Time Smartphone Use in an Obesogenic Environment: Two Longitudinal Observational Studies. JMIR mHealth uHealth 2021, 9, 22929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kristo, A.S.; Çinar, N.; Kucuknil, S.L.; Sikalidis, A.K. Technological Devices and Their Effect on Preschool Children’s Eating Habits in Communities of Mixed Socioeconomic Status in Istanbul; A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study. Behav. Sci. 2021, 11, 157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Robinson, C.A.; Domoff, S.E.; Kasper, N.; Peterson, K.E.; Miller, A.L. The healthfulness of children’s meals when multiple media and devices are present. Appetite 2022, 169, 105800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Falbe, J.; Willett, W.C.; Rosner, B.; Gortmaker, S.L.; Sonneville, K.R.; Field, A.E. Longitudinal relations of television, electronic games, and digital versatile discs with changes in diet in adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 100, 1173–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pérez-Farinós, N.; Villar-Villalba, C.; López Sobaler, A.M.; Dal Re Saavedra, M.Á.; Aparicio, A.; Santos Sanz, S.; Robledo de Dios, T.; Castrodeza-Sanz, J.J.; Ortega Anta, R.M. The relationship between hours of sleep, screen time and frequency of food and drink consumption in Spain in the 2011 and 2013 ALADINO: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Watts, A.W.; Lovato, C.Y.; Barr, S.I.; Hanning, R.M.; Mâsse, L.C. Experiences of overweight/obese adolescents in navigating their home food environment. Public Health Nutr. 2015, 18, 3278–3286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kelishadi, R.; Mozafarian, N.; Qorbani, M.; Maracy, M.R.; Motlagh, M.E.; Safiri, S.; Ardalan, G.; Asayesh, H.; Rezaei, F.; Heshmat, R. Association between screen time and snack consumption in children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. J. Pediatrics Endocrinol. Metab. 2017, 30, 211–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Börnhorst, C.; Wijnhoven, T.M.; Kunešová, M.; Yngve, A.; Rito, A.I.; Lissner, L.; Duleva, V.; Petrauskiene, A.; Breda, J. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: Associations between sleep duration, screen time and food consumption frequencies. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cartanyà-Hueso, À.; González-Marrón, A.; Lidón-Moyano, C.; Garcia-Palomo, E.; Martín-Sánchez, J.C.; Martínez-Sánchez, J.M. Association between Leisure Screen Time and Junk Food Intake in a Nationwide Representative Sample of Spanish Children (1–14 Years): A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2021, 9, 228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torjesen, I. Parents should decide when children’s screen time is too high, says first UK guidance. BMJ 2019, 364, l60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Subject | Number of Subjects (n) | Percentage of Subject (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Girls | 1465 | 47.00 |
Boys | 1662 | 53.00 |
Age groups [years] | ||
<3 | 20 | 0.64 |
3–6 | 146 | 4.67 |
7–11 | 1156 | 36.97 |
12–18 | 1805 | 57.72 |
Place of residence | ||
Village | 1603 | 51.26 |
City under 20,000 residents | 414 | 13.24 |
City with 20,000 to 100,000 residents | 793 | 25.36 |
City over 100,000 residents | 317 | 10.14 |
Medical history | ||
Children with chronic disease | 638 | 20.40 |
Children without chronic disease | 2489 | 79.60 |
Age group | Screen Time on Educational Activities During a Weekday | ||
---|---|---|---|
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<3 years old | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.05%) |
3–6 years old | 11 (5.16%) | 3 (1.36%) | 0 (0.00%) |
7–11 years old | 190 (89.20%) | 149 (67.73%) | 520 (23.47%) |
12–18 years old | 12 (5.63%) | 68 (30.91%) | 1695 (76.49%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 644.83; p < 0.001 | ||
Age group | Screen time on educational activities during the weekend day | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<3 years old | 1 (0.08%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
3–6 years old | 4 (0.31%) | 3 (0.40%) | 0 (0.00%) |
7–11 years old | 494 (37.68%) | 152 (20.43%) | 35 (10.77%) |
12–18 years old | 812 (61.94%) | 589 (79.17%) | 290 (89.23%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 130.67; p < 0.001 | ||
Age group | Screen time on recreational activities during the weekday | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<3 years old | 10 (0.74%) | 2 (0.21%) | 1 (0.15%) |
3–6 years old | 88 (6.48%) | 25 (2.58%) | 2 (0.31%) |
7–11 years old | 627 (46.17%) | 338 (34.92%) | 115 (17.77%) |
12–18 years old | 633 (46.61%) | 603 (62.29%) | 529 (81.76%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 245.74; p < 0.001 | ||
Age group | Screen time on recreational activities during the weekend day | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<3 years old | 10 (0.88%) | 2 (0.19%) | 1 (0.13%) |
3–6 years old | 56 (4.95%) | 64 (6.00%) | 4 (0.53%) |
7–11 years old | 506 (44.74%) | 416 (39.02%) | 168 (22.28%) |
12–18 years old | 559 (49.43%) | 584 (54.78%) | 581 (77.06%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 168.79; p < 0.001 |
Exposure to Screens During Meals | Screen Time on Educational Activities During a Weekday | ||
---|---|---|---|
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
Every day | 14 (6.57%) | 17 (7.73%) | 273 (12.31%) |
Often (several times a week) | 38 (17.84%) | 33 (15.00%) | 616 (27.79%) |
Sometimes (several times a month) | 70 (32.86%) | 77 (35.00%) | 734 (33.11%) |
Rarely (less than once a month) | 52 (24.41%) | 59 (26.82%) | 396 (17.86%) |
Never | 39 (18.31%) | 34 (15.45%) | 198 (8.93%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 62.09; p < 0.001 | ||
Exposure to screens during meals | Screen time on educational activities during a weekend day | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
Every day | 136 (10.37%) | 61 (8.20%) | 81 (24.92%) |
Often (several times a week) | 307 (23.40%) | 217 (29.17%) | 99 (30.46%) |
Sometimes (several times a month) | 444 (33.84%) | 282 (37.90%) | 79 (24.31%) |
Rarely (less than once a month) | 284 (21.42%) | 124 (16.67%) | 47 (14.46%) |
Never | 144 (10.98%) | 60 (8.06%) | 19 (5.85%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 98.51; p < 0.001 | ||
Exposure to screens during meals | Screen time on recreational activities during a weekday | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
Every day | 79 (5.82%) | 95 (9.80%) | 156 (24.11%) |
Often (several times a week) | 239 (17.60%) | 291 (30.03%) | 235 (36.32%) |
Sometimes (several times a month) | 499 (36.75%) | 360 (37.15%) | 147 (22.72%) |
Rarely (less than once a month) | 339 (24.96%) | 151 (15.58%) | 78 (12.06%) |
Never | 202 (14.87%) | 72 (7.43%) | 31 (4.79%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 341.02; p < 0.001 | ||
Exposure to screens during meals | Screen time on recreational activities during a weekend day | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
Every day | 67 (5.92%) | 75 (7.03%) | 184 (24.40%) |
Often (several times a week) | 191 (16.89%) | 283 (26.52%) | 276 (36.60%) |
Sometimes (several times a month) | 377 (33.33%) | 433 (40.58%) | 193 (25.60%) |
Rarely (less than once a month) | 315 (27.85%) | 182 (17.06%) | 76 (10.08%) |
Never | 181 (16.00%) | 94 (8.81%) | 25 (3.32%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 416.79; p < 0.001 |
Type of Snacks | Number of Responses * (n) | The Percentage Contribution of Snacks (%) |
---|---|---|
Fruit | 2170 | 69.40 |
Cookies | 1247 | 39.88 |
Crisps | 1100 | 35.18 |
Salty sticks | 907 | 29.01 |
Vegetables | 887 | 28.37 |
Chocolate | 764 | 24.43 |
Bars | 563 | 18.00 |
Delicacies | 437 | 13.98 |
Salty peanuts | 312 | 9.98 |
Sandwiches | 188 | 6.01 |
Cereals with Milk | 52 | 1.66 |
Popcorn | 51 | 1.63 |
Yogurts | 27 | 0.86 |
Other snacks | 187 | 5.98 |
Type of Beverage | Number of Responses * (n) | The Percentage Contribution of Beverages (%) |
---|---|---|
Water | 2480 | 79.31 |
Tea | 1666 | 53.28 |
Fruit juices | 1499 | 47.94 |
Carbonated drinks | 558 | 18.80 |
Coffee | 206 | 6.59 |
Energy drinks | 109 | 3.49 |
Milk | 47 | 1.50 |
Cocoa | 60 | 1.92 |
Other drinks | 133 | 4.25 |
Daily Time on Physical Activity | Screen Time on Educational Activities During a Weekday | ||
---|---|---|---|
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<1 h | 5 (2.43%) | 18 (8.78%) | 331 (15.64%) |
1–2 h | 135 (65.53%) | 124 (60.49%) | 1234 (58.32%) |
2–4 h | 35 (16.99%) | 36 (17.56%) | 353 (16.68%) |
4–6 h | 22 (10.68%) | 18 (8.78%) | 132 (6.24%) |
>6 h | 9 (4.37%) | 9 (4.39%) | 66 (3.12%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 37.94; p < 0.001 | ||
Daily time on physical activity | Screen time on educational activities during a weekend day | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<1 h | 159 (12.67%) | 103 (14.63%) | 61 (19.87%) |
1–2 h | 753 (60.00%) | 409 (58.10%) | 177 (57.65%) |
2–4 h | 221 (17.61%) | 128 (18.18%) | 36 (11.73%) |
4–6 h | 76 (6.06%) | 47 (6.68%) | 20 (6.51%) |
>6 h | 46 (3.67%) | 17 (2.41%) | 13 (4.23%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 18.57; p = 0.02 | ||
Daily time on physical activity | Screen time on recreational activities during a weekday | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<1 h | 120 (9.40%) | 107 (11.59%) | 136 (21.97%) |
1–2 h | 793 (62.15%) | 555 (60.13%) | 337 (54.44%) |
2–4 h | 232 (18.18%) | 170 (18.42%) | 83 (13.41%) |
4–6 h | 84 (6.58%) | 72 (7.80%) | 40 (6.46%) |
>6 h | 47 (3.68%) | 19 (2.06%) | 23 (3.72%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 77.01; p < 0.001 | ||
Daily time on physical activity | Screen time on recreational activities during a weekend day | ||
1–2 h n (%) | 2–4 h n (%) | >4 h n (%) | |
<1 h | 102 (9.44%) | 98 (9.81%) | 159 (22.08%) |
1–2 h | 652 (60.31%) | 628 (62.86%) | 397 (55.14%) |
2–4 h | 208 (19.24%) | 175 (17.52%) | 101 (14.03%) |
4–6 h | 82 (7.59%) | 68 (6.81%) | 44 (6.11%) |
>6 h | 37 (3.42%) | 30 (3.00%) | 19 (2.64%) |
Statistical analysis | Chi2 = 78.25; p < 0.001 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rocka, A.; Jasielska, F.; Madras, D.; Krawiec, P.; Pac-Kożuchowska, E. The Impact of Digital Screen Time on Dietary Habits and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142985
Rocka A, Jasielska F, Madras D, Krawiec P, Pac-Kożuchowska E. The Impact of Digital Screen Time on Dietary Habits and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142985
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocka, Agata, Faustyna Jasielska, Dominika Madras, Paulina Krawiec, and Elżbieta Pac-Kożuchowska. 2022. "The Impact of Digital Screen Time on Dietary Habits and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2985. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142985