Iodine Status Modifies the Association between Fluoride Exposure in Pregnancy and Preschool Boys’ Intelligence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Urine Collection
2.3. Maternal Urinary Fluoride Concentration
2.4. Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration
2.5. Correcting for Variability in Urinary Dilution
2.6. Children’s Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient
2.7. Covariates
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Three-Way Interaction Model
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristic (Mean ± SD or N (%)) | Complete Data (N = 366) | Incomplete Data (N = 211) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Mothers | |||
Maternal Age (years) | 32.50 ± 4.51 | 32.55 ± 4.62 | 0.899 |
Married or Common Law | 353 (96.54) | 205 (97.16) | 0.646 |
White | 334 (91.26) | 181 (85.78) | 0.041 |
Bachelor’s Degree or Higher | 243 (66.39) | 142 (67.30) | 0.824 |
Taking a prenatal multivitamin | 319 (87.40) | 175 (82.94) | 0.140 |
HOME Score | 47.23 ± 4.44 | 47.40 ± 4.10 | 0.649 |
Children | |||
Male | 186 (50.82) | 98 (46.44) | 0.311 |
Age at Testing (years) | 3.44 ± 0.32 | 3.40 ± 0.31 | 0.144 |
Urinary Measurement | All | Boys | Girls | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Median (IQR) | n | Median (IQR) | n | Median (IQR) | p 1 | |
MUFCRE (mg/g) | 366 | 0.61 (0.49) | 186 | 0.63 (0.52) | 180 | 0.61 (0.48) | 0.538 |
MUICCRE (μg/g) | 366 | 294 (181) | 186 | 309 (181) | 180 | 287 (203) | 0.059 |
Low | 86 | 148 (47) | 31 | 131 (73) | 55 | 152 (37) | 0.083 |
Adequate | 280 | 341 (165) | 155 | 348 (187) | 125 | 336 (146) | 0.893 |
Outcome | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | p 1 |
FSIQ | 366 | 107.46 ± 13.75 | 186 | 105.25 ± 14.90 | 180 | 109.75 ± 12.09 | 0.002 |
Variable | B | SE(B) | p |
---|---|---|---|
MUFCRE (mg/g) | −5.89 | 1.85 | 0.002 |
MUICCRE (μg/g) | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.023 |
Sex | −3.09 | 2.17 | 0.155 |
MUFCRE × MUICCRE | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.042 |
MUFCRE × Sex | 8.51 | 2.40 | <0.001 |
MUICCRE × Sex | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.042 |
MUFCRE × MUICCRE × Sex | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.019 |
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Goodman, C.V.; Hall, M.; Green, R.; Chevrier, J.; Ayotte, P.; Martinez-Mier, E.A.; McGuckin, T.; Krzeczkowski, J.; Flora, D.; Hornung, R.; et al. Iodine Status Modifies the Association between Fluoride Exposure in Pregnancy and Preschool Boys’ Intelligence. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142920
Goodman CV, Hall M, Green R, Chevrier J, Ayotte P, Martinez-Mier EA, McGuckin T, Krzeczkowski J, Flora D, Hornung R, et al. Iodine Status Modifies the Association between Fluoride Exposure in Pregnancy and Preschool Boys’ Intelligence. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142920
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoodman, Carly V., Meaghan Hall, Rivka Green, Jonathan Chevrier, Pierre Ayotte, Esperanza Angeles Martinez-Mier, Taylor McGuckin, John Krzeczkowski, David Flora, Richard Hornung, and et al. 2022. "Iodine Status Modifies the Association between Fluoride Exposure in Pregnancy and Preschool Boys’ Intelligence" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142920
APA StyleGoodman, C. V., Hall, M., Green, R., Chevrier, J., Ayotte, P., Martinez-Mier, E. A., McGuckin, T., Krzeczkowski, J., Flora, D., Hornung, R., Lanphear, B., & Till, C. (2022). Iodine Status Modifies the Association between Fluoride Exposure in Pregnancy and Preschool Boys’ Intelligence. Nutrients, 14(14), 2920. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142920