Validation of 4 Estimating Methods to Evaluate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion: Summer and Winter Seasons for College Students in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. 24-h Urine Collection and Measurements
2.4. Estimation of 24-h Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics
3.2. The Variability of 24-h Urine Collection in Different Seasons
3.3. The Bias between Mean Measured and Predicted 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretions (from Group Levels)
3.4. Relative Individual Differences in Predicted and Measured 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion
3.5. Individual Correlations with Measured 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 268) | Male (n = 138) | Female (n = 130) | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 268 (100) | 138 (51.5) | 130 (48.5) |
Age (year) | 19.9 ± 1.8 | 20.2 ± 1.9 | 19.5 ± 1.6 |
Weight (kg) | 61.7 ± 13.4 | 68.9 ± 13.4 | 54.1 ± 8.4 |
Height (cm) | 166.8 ± 8.7 | 172.8 ± 6.3 | 160.4 ± 5.9 |
WC 1 (cm) | 73.3 ± 10.4 | 78.6 ± 10.3 | 67.7 ± 6.9 |
BMI 2 (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 3.7 | 23.1 ± 4.3 | 21.0 ± 2.7 |
SBP 3 (mmHg) | 114.9 ± 14.0 | 123.3 ± 12.5 | 106.0 ± 9.1 |
DBP 4 (mmHg) | 74.3 ± 8.1 | 77.0 ± 8.6 | 71.5 ± 6.6 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 79.9 ± 12.9 | 78.7 ± 12.6 | 81.1 ± 13.2 |
Summer | Winter | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urinary volume (mL) | 1334.6 ± 654.5 | 1586.9 ± 655.1 | −6.124 | <0.001 |
Sodium excretion (mg/d) | 3048.4 ± 1225.9 | 3564.7 ± 1369.6 | −5.696 | <0.001 |
Potassium excretion (mg/d) | 1004.8 ± 364.2 | 1112.6 ± 357.6 | −3.934 | <0.001 |
Creatinine excretion (mg/d) | 1285.1 ± 422.4 | 1294.6 ± 411.2 | −0.466 | 0.642 |
Urinary Na/K (mg/mg) | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.4 | −1.580 | 0.115 |
Total (mg/d) | Male (mg/d) | Female (mg/d) | Predicted Value—Measured Value (95%CI) (mg/d) | r | p | Probability That Estimated Value Exists Within Mean ± 1.96 SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measured 24-h sodium excretion | 3043.0 ± 1223.3 | 3372.5 ± 1304.4 | 2688.3 ± 1201.1 | Reference | — | — | Reference |
Kawasaki | 3934.2 ± 1058.5 | 4278.3 ± 1112.6 | 3563.7 ± 858.0 | 891.1 (769.9, 1012.4) | 0.612 | <0.001 | 5.2% 14/268 |
INTERSALT | |||||||
Morning | 2934.9 ± 775.7 | 3387.0 ± 689.8 | 2535.3 ± 528.5 | −169.9 (−312.5, −27.3) | 0.537 | <0.001 | 5.1% 11/216 |
Afternoon | 3025.7 ± 801.0 | 3940.5 ± 752.5 | 2535.3 ± 504.0 | −39.7 (−164.7, 85.3) | 0.557 | <0.001 | 4.7% 12/257 |
Evening | 3016.7 ± 791.7 | 3462.0 ± 748.4 | 2547.4 ± 518.9 | −43.5 (−166.4, 79.5) | 0.559 | <0.001 | 4.9% 13/263 |
Overnight | 2630.9 ± 771.4 | 2983.0 ± 824.6 | 2251.8 ± 478.3 | −412.1 (−534.6, −289.7) | 0.551 | <0.001 | 4.5% 12/268 |
Tanaka | |||||||
Morning | 3563.4 ± 712.2 | 3678.6 ± 689.6 | 3441.7 ± 718.6 | 458.5 (321.0, 596.0) | 0.577 | <0.001 | 4.6% 10/216 |
Afternoon | 3688.4 ± 739.1 | 3720.4 ± 722.5 | 3654.6 ± 757.5 | 623.0 (498.0, 747.9) | 0.552 | <0.001 | 5.8% 15/257 |
Evening | 3610.3 ± 676.6 | 3682.4 ± 685.7 | 3534.3 ± 660.9 | 550.2 (426.2, 674.2) | 0.541 | <0.001 | 4.9% 13/263 |
Overnight | 2976.6 ± 626.8 | 3038.6 ± 653.7 | 2909.8 ± 591.9 | −66.4 (−186.3, 53.4) | 0.574 | <0.001 | 4.1% 11/268 |
Sun’s | 3895.3 ± 966.5 | 3768.7 ± 938.6 | 4028.8 ± 981.2 | 829.9 (681.7, 978.0) | 0.406 | <0.001 | 4.7% 12/257 |
Total (mg/d) | Male (mg/d) | Female (mg/d) | Predicted Value—Measured Value (95%CI) (mg/d) | r | p | Probability that Estimated Value Exists Within Mean ± 1.96 SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measured 24-h sodium excretion | 3563.7 ± 1370.0 | 4034.0 ± 1354.6 | 3062.3 ± 1190.6 | Reference | — | — | Reference |
Kawasaki | 3726.3 ± 1086.9 | 4160.9 ± 1141.6 | 3265.1 ± 803.0 | 162.1 (13.5, 310.7) | 0.515 | <0.001 | 4.5% 12/268 |
INTERSALT | |||||||
Morning | 3084.7 ± 863.2 | 3591.6 ± 788.6 | 2519.1 ± 546.7 | −554.9 (−693.2, −416.6) | 0.597 | <0.001 | 5.0% 12/239 |
Afternoon | 3144.3 ± 808.3 | 3583.6 ± 775.1 | 2678.1 ± 537.4 | −417.7 (−551.7, −283.6) | 0.581 | <0.001 | 4.1% 11/268 |
Evening | 3149.2 ± 831.0 | 3665.0 ± 689.0 | 2601.8 ± 0570.3 | −413.0 (−546.4, −279.7) | 0.587 | <0.001 | 4.1% 11/268 |
Overnight | 2515.9 ± 755.1 | 2673.7 ± 854.3 | 2340.2 ± 595.8 | −1047.3 (−1187.7, −906.9) | 0.524 | <0.001 | 4.5% 12/268 |
Tanaka | |||||||
Morning | 3753.1 ± 830.3 | 4011.4 ± 816.6 | 3501.2 ± 766.5 | 148.8 (11.0, 286.7) | 0.599 | <0.001 | 6.3% 15/239 |
Afternoon | 4105.8 ± 782.6 | 4196.7 ± 751.2 | 4009.3 ± 806.2 | 542.5 (414.8, 670.1) | 0.635 | <0.001 | 4.5% 12/268 |
Evening | 3939.7 ± 745.1 | 4016.9 ± 663.3 | 3857.8 ± 817.8 | 372.4 (242.3, 502.4) | 0.618 | <0.001 | 5.2% 14/268 |
Overnight | 2864.8 ± 610.0 | 2901.8 ± 661.1 | 2825.8 ± 557.1 | −699.6 (−844.6, −554.6) | 0.476 | <0.001 | 3.4% 9/268 |
Sun’s | 4309.1 ± 1026.0 | 4229.3 ± 934.1 | 4364.0 ± 1105.1 | 740.7 (589.2, 892.2) | 0.476 | <0.001 | 4.9% 13/268 |
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Gong, W.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Liang, J.; Zhang, J.; Ding, G. Validation of 4 Estimating Methods to Evaluate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion: Summer and Winter Seasons for College Students in China. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132736
Gong W, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Liang J, Zhang J, Ding G. Validation of 4 Estimating Methods to Evaluate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion: Summer and Winter Seasons for College Students in China. Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132736
Chicago/Turabian StyleGong, Weiyi, Yuxia Ma, Zechen Zhang, Jufeng Liang, Jiguo Zhang, and Gangqiang Ding. 2022. "Validation of 4 Estimating Methods to Evaluate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion: Summer and Winter Seasons for College Students in China" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132736