Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does the Modern Diet AGE the Kidney?
Abstract
:1. The Western Diet as a Risk Factor for Kidney Disease
2. AGE Chemistry
3. Factors Regulating AGE Accumulation and Turnover in the Body
3.1. Endogenous AGE Production—Beyond the Maillard Reaction
3.2. Exogenous AGE Sources
3.2.1. Quantifying AGEs in Commonly Consumed Foods
3.2.2. Absorption of Dietary AGEs
3.3. AGE Clearance
4. AGE Receptors—Facilitators of Clearance and Mediators of Pathology
4.1. RAGE
4.2. AGER1
5. AGE-Mediated Pathology
5.1. AGEs Can Induce Both Receptor Mediated and Non-Receptor Mediated Pathology
5.2. Dietary AGEs and AGE Pathology
5.3. Dietary AGEs and the Microbiome
6. AGEs and Kidney Disease
6.1. Mechanisms by Which AGEs Damage the Kidney
6.2. Renal Handling of AGEs
6.3. Exogenous AGEs and Kidney Function
6.4. Therapeutic Targeting of AGEs in Kidney Disease
6.4.1. Carbonyl Scavengers
6.4.2. Vitamin B and Its Derivatives
6.4.3. AGE Cross Link Breakers
6.4.4. RAGE Blockade
7. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Amadori Product (AGE Precursor) | Study Population | Methodology | Key Findings | Measurement Technique |
[58] Erbesdobler and Faist, 2001 | Fructoselysine, Fructoseglycine | Rats and Humans | In vitro, everted gut sack, in vivo ligated jejunal segments |
| 14C Radioactivity |
[59] Forster et al. 2005 | Pyralline, fructoselysine, pentosidine | Humans | Exclusion diet, followed by a high AGE test meal |
| Reversed Phase HPLC with UV detection |
[60] Hultsch et al. 2006 | Fructoselysine | Rats | Injected and gavaged 18F flourobenzoylated fructoselysine. Biodistribution and catabolism study performed using PET scanning |
| PET scanning/Radioactivity counting |
[61] Schwenger et al. 2006 | Lactuloselysine | Humans | Diet administered to healthy, diabetic and renal failure patients. Plasma concentrations and cumulative urinary excretion examined |
| Reverse Phase HPLC |
Author | AGEs | Study Population | Methodology | Key Findings | Measurement Technique |
[62] Liardon et al. 1987 | CML | Rats | Diets varying in quantity AGEs- timed urine collection and analysis for CML |
| Mass Spec |
[55] Koschinsky et al. 1997 | Protein bound AGEs | Humans (incl. diabetes with/without DKD) | Single meal challenge, AGE egg white or fructose + egg white |
| ELISA |
[63] Miyata et al.1998 | Pentosidine | Rats | IV injection with radiolabelled pentosidine, urine collected over 72 h |
|
Radioactivity/ ELISA |
[54] He et al. 1999 | AGE-Ovalbumin | Rats | Fed a single dose of 14C or 125I labelled AGE-ovalbumin. Collected tissues, plasma and 72 h urine collection. |
|
Radioactivity/ ELISA |
[64] Bergman et al. 2001 | CML and CEL (free) | Rats | Biodistribution study of intravenously administered 18F labelled AGEs using PET scanning and radioactive counting |
| PET scanning |
[65] Somoza et al. 2006 | CML, LAL, FL (Casein linked) | Rats | Casein linked AGE feeding (2 dosages) to metabolic caged rodents |
| HP-LC-UV fluorescence |
[57] Sebekova et al. 2008 | CML | Human infants | Comparison of circulating AGEs between breast and formula fed infants |
| LC-MS/MS |
[66] Roncero-Ramos et al. 2013 | CML | Rats | 88 days on high or low AGE diet—Bread crust or it’s insoluble (HMW) or soluble fractions (LMW) |
| HPLC-MS/MS |
[67] Alamir et al. 2013 | Extruded or non-extruded protein diet CML | Rats | 6 weeks feeding on extruded or non-extruded protein diet or single oral free CML challenge |
| LC-ESI-MS/MS |
[68] Xu et al. 2013 | CML (free) | Mice | Biodistribution and elimination study 18F labelled CML in mice. Tracer labelled CML was administered either IV or intra-gastrically |
| PET scanning |
[69] Tessier et al. 2016 | CML (protein bound) | Mice | 30 days feeding with a diet enriched with 13C-CML that could be differentiated from native CML in C57BL/6J and RAGE knock out mice |
| Stable isotope dilution analysis LC-MS/MS |
[70] Tsutsui et al. 2016 | AGE-Albumin | Mice | Single IV injection of Cy 7.5 labelled AGE-BSA. Fluorescence kinetics assay performed |
| IVIS whole animal in vivo imaging system |
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Fotheringham, A.K.; Gallo, L.A.; Borg, D.J.; Forbes, J.M. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does the Modern Diet AGE the Kidney? Nutrients 2022, 14, 2675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132675
Fotheringham AK, Gallo LA, Borg DJ, Forbes JM. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does the Modern Diet AGE the Kidney? Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132675
Chicago/Turabian StyleFotheringham, Amelia K., Linda A. Gallo, Danielle J. Borg, and Josephine M. Forbes. 2022. "Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Chronic Kidney Disease: Does the Modern Diet AGE the Kidney?" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132675