Next Article in Journal
Dietary Therapy in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)—Tradition or Modernity? A Review of the Latest Approaches to Nutrition in CVD
Next Article in Special Issue
Importance of Intermittent Fasting Regimens and Selection of Adequate Therapy on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Previous Article in Journal
Bioavailability of Hesperidin and Its Aglycone Hesperetin—Compounds Found in Citrus Fruits as a Parameter Conditioning the Pro-Health Potential (Neuroprotective and Antidiabetic Activity)—Mini-Review
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Nutrients
Volume 14
Issue 13
10.3390/nu14132648
nutrients-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The Effect of Ramadan and COVID-19 on the Relationship between Physical Activity and Burnout among Teachers

by
Maamer Slimani
1,*,
Hela Znazen
2,
Fairouz Azaiez
3,4 and
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
1,5
1
Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, 16132 Genoa, Italy
2
Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
3
Group for the Study of Development and Social Environment (GEDES), Faculty of Human and Social Science of Tunis, University Tunis, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
4
Department of Human Sciences, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
5
Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2648; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132648
Submission received: 28 May 2022 / Revised: 15 June 2022 / Accepted: 22 June 2022 / Published: 26 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Intermittent Fasting and Dietary Choices on COVID-19)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The objective of this study was to explore the effect of COVID-19 and Ramadan on physical activity (PA) and burnout in teachers and the relationship between them. A total of 57 secondary school teachers from public education centers participated in the present study. They were aged between 29 and 52 years. To determine the effect of Ramadan and COVID-19 on PA and burnout, participants completed the online questionnaires before COVID-19, one week before Ramadan and during the second week of Ramadan. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-BREF and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey were used to assess PA intensities and burnout, respectively. The data revealed that total PA (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively) vigorous metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively), moderate MET (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively) were higher before COVID-19 and before Ramadan than during Ramadan. Regarding burnout subscales, emotional exhaustion (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively) was higher before Ramadan than before COVID-19 and during Ramadan. A lower personal accomplishment was reported before Ramadan than before COVID-19 and during Ramadan (both p < 0.05). In addition, low to high correlations were observed between PA intensities and burnout subscales, except for the correlation between depersonalization and all PA intensities. In conclusion, Ramadan intermittent fasting along with PA was highly recommended for teachers and the general population to improve positive emotions and general health.

1. Introduction

Since late 2019–early 2020, the world has been facing an unprecedented situation caused by an emerging coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which has spread worldwide, sparing virtually no country or territory. Its quick and increasing transmissibility has made the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend the adoption and implementation of some non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including physical or social distancing, self-isolation, stay-at-home orders and quarantine, and the ban and cancellation or postponement of sporting events and education, which have gone online in the effort to curb the diffusion of COVID-19 [1]. These interventions have had, on the one hand, a positive effect in terms of reduced disease transmission, but, on the other hand, have exerted a negative impact on many sectors, such as the economy and teaching. In the latter context, NPIs may have dual effects in that they may decrease the transmission of the virus between teachers and students. In a negative way, teachers have experienced a new working format and lifestyle behaviors. This challenge may force teachers to use digital technologies, spend more time sitting, modify or increase their workload, and become inactive. These aspects can have a significant impact on psychological health and may increase the risk of diseases, such as obesity and metabolic impairment, among teachers.
Psychological health also refers to the opportunities that the organizational context offers to the individual, the working conditions and tasks assigned to them, to feel valued, to develop, to lead a balanced life, and to have a level of stress that they are able to manage [2]. For Foucher and Leduc [3], it is the state that an individual develops in relation to the indices of self-esteem or valorization, fulfillment, the balance of life, and stress level during different life situations. Morin [4] points out that mental health is not only the absence of mental disorders, but is also a state of well-being in which each person realizes their potential, faces the normal difficulties of life, works productively, and can contribute to the community. Although there is not always a clear and integrated conceptualization of this construct [5], psychological health is now understood as a multidimensional construct that reflects both the absence of negative manifestations and the presence of positive manifestations [6,7].
In this context, some studies dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic reported that this situation has a negative effect on the psychological health of both students and teachers [8]. A study carried out in an Arabic country showed that this pandemic has negative effects on teachers in terms of increased rates of depression, anxiety, and divorce, all of which limit their ability to teach in a proper way [9]. Another investigation conducted in China reported that the rate of stress symptoms was 9.1% among teachers, which underlines the importance of adopting an intervention that supports them psychologically [10]. Moreover, the changes in psychological states were affected by many factors such as food restriction, sleep loss, and physical inactivity during COVID-19 [11].
The Islamic month of Ramadan is characterized by intermittent fasting, with changes in eating behavior, sleep, and physical activity (PA) patterns. Many studies reported changes in energy balance [12] and physical performance [13]. However, few studies have quantitatively assessed the effect of Ramadan on psychological health/states [14,15,16]. For instance, there is no study that investigated the effect of intermittent fasting/Ramadan and PA on psychological states during COVID-19 and their relationship. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to explore the effect of COVID-19 and Ramadan on PA and burnout in teachers and the relationship between them.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Participants

A total of 57 secondary school teachers from public education participated in the present study. They were aged between 29 and 52 years. Most of the participants were males (80.7%) and married (19.3%). In terms of specialty, 40.3% were teaching scientific topics, and 59.7% teaching physical education. In terms of sector, all of them were teaching in Secondary Education. All participants were extensively advised about the aim of the present investigation. This study received ethical clearance by the Ethics Committee of Taif University, Saudi Arabia, and by the UNESCO Chair “Health Anthropology Biosphere and Healing Systems,” University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (project code EXERCOGN_023020), and it was carried out according to the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.
To determine the effect of Ramadan, which took place between 13 April and 12 May 2021, and COVID-19 on PA and burnout, participants completed the online questionnaires during the second week of Ramadan in comparison with before COVID-19, and one week before Ramadan, as suggested by previous studies [17,18].

2.2. Measures

2.2.1. Physical Activity

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-BREF (IPAQ-BREF [19]) was used to assess PA. The questionnaire consisted of 7 items: 6 of them assessed the duration (in minutes) and frequency (from 1 to 7 days) of vigorous-intensity, moderate-intensity, and walking PA for at least 10 min during the past week. The last question was “During the last 7 days, how much time did you spend sitting on a week day?”. Of note, the intensity of activity was converted to the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) units (MET−h·week−1), following the recommendations of a previous study [20].

2.2.2. Burnout

The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) questionnaire has been widely used to assess burnout among the English population [21]. In this study, we used the validated version in the Arabic language [22,23,24]. This questionnaire contains 22 items grouped into three scales: emotional exhaustion (9 items), depersonalization (5 items), and (reduced) personal accomplishment (8 items). The items are graded on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (daily) based on how often one experiences these feelings. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) that tested the internal consistency of the three subscales ranged between 0.74 and 0.90, as obtained in the current and previous studies [22,25].

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted by computing the means and standard deviations for each of the parameters under study. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to capture differences between before and after confinement and the correlation between variables. The strength of the correlation was considered negligible (r coefficient ranging from 0.00 to 0.29), low (r ranging from 0.30 to 0.49), moderate (r ranging from 0.50 to 0.69), high (r ranging from 0.70 to 0.89), and very high (r ranging from 0.90 to 1.00) [26]. All statistical analyses were carried out using the commercial software “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” (SPSS version 24.0, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Results with p-values less than or equal to the threshold of 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

3. Results

One-way ANOVA reported a significant effect between groups in total PA (F = 8.15, p < 0.001), vigorous MET (F = 10.56, p < 0.001), and moderate MET (F = 8.56, p < 0.001). Post-hoc analysis revealed that total PA (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively) vigorous MET (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively), moderate MET (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively) were higher before COVID-19 and before Ramadan than during Ramadan. No statistically significant difference between before COVID-19 and before Ramadan in all of the above-mentioned parameters (all, p > 0.05) could be found (Table 1).
Regarding burnout subscales, a significant difference between groups was reported in emotional exhaustion (F = 10.87, p < 0.001), and personal accomplishment (F = 4.98, p < 0.01). Post-hoc analysis revealed that emotional exhaustion was higher before Ramadan than before COVID-19 and during Ramadan (p < 0.001, and p < 0.01, respectively). A lower personal accomplishment was reported before Ramadan than before COVID-19 and during Ramadan (both p < 0.05). No significant difference between before COVID-19 and during Ramadan in both subscales (all p > 0.05) could be detected (Table 1).
Furthermore, no statistically significant difference between groups regarding walking MET (F = 2.38, p = 0.096) and depersonalization (F = 0.28, p = 0.75) was described.
Before COVID-19, the results showed significant correlations between total PA and burnout subscales. Low to high correlations (-0.35 to 0.87) were observed between PA intensities and burnout subscales, except for the correlation between depersonalization and all PA intensities (p > 0.05).
Similarly, during COVID-19, the results showed significant correlations between total PA and burnout subscales. Low to high correlations were observed between PA intensities and burnout subscales, except for the correlation between depersonalization and all PA intensities (Table 2).
During Ramadan, the results showed significant correlations between total PA and burnout subscales: specifically, the correlation was negative with emotional exhaustion (r = −0.61, p < 0.001) and positive with personal accomplishment (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) (Table 3).

4. Discussion

The present investigation aimed to explore the effect of COVID-19 on burnout and physical activity during Ramadan 2021 in teachers. The diffusion of COVID-19 has a detrimental effect on the psychological states, specifically burnout, of teachers. A study done in Morocco showed that 54% of teachers experienced low to severe levels of burnout in response to COVID-19 [25]. From the start of the pandemic, many researchers analyzed the psychological consequences. A first study carried out in China in January 2020 assessed the severity of psychological distress felt during COVID-19-induced confinement [27]. This study assessed the frequency of anxiety, depression, avoidance behaviors, and physical symptoms onset at the time of the last week of testing.
The results showed a moderate level of psychological distress for 35% of the population, while 5% had a high level [27]. A systematic review of the literature on the psychological impact of quarantine, published on 14 March 2020 in the Lancet [8], screened 3166 articles, retaining 24 studies with scientific solidity from ten countries and investigating SARS, Ebola, swine flu (H1N1), and equine influenza. The authors highlighted the existence of two types of stress factors, those linked to confinement itself and those linked to the consequences of confinement. No confinement period in these studies was longer than 3 weeks. Analysis of the results of the studies showed a high prevalence of symptoms of distress, depression, stress, irritability, anxiety-type insomnia, anger, emotional exhaustion, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, fear, loss, and culpability. Some symptoms persisted for several months after the lifting of the confinement, reflecting a continuation in behaviors of avoidance of physical contact, due to fear of crowd gatherings in public spaces and of taking public transport. In people with mental fragility before the quarantine, maintenance of anxiety and anger 4 to 6 months after the end of the quarantine could be observed. Healthcare professionals showed much more severe post-traumatic stress symptoms than the general population and were much more morally affected. Three studies out of the 24 analyzed made a link between the duration of quarantine and after effects, showing that a duration longer than 10 days was more likely to cause higher post-traumatic stress levels than a shorter period.
When comparing burnout subscales during COVID-19 before Ramadan and during Ramadan, emotional exhaustion was higher during COVID-19 than during Ramadan, while the opposite was found for personal accomplishment. Confirming the data of the present study, some authors reported that Ramadan fasting could decrease depression, anxiety, and stress scores and increase mood and vitality [16,28,29,30,31].
By discriminating between different intensities of PA, this study demonstrates that total, vigorous, and moderate MET were higher before and during COVID-19 than during Ramadan. In addition, they correlated with emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, which may be considered a buffering effect against teacher burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion) [32]. This investigation is in accordance, in part, with a previous study, which reported that low, medium, and high PA negatively correlated with total burnout score and subscale of exhaustion [33]. These findings are of paramount importance because being regularly engaged in PA has been found to be a powerful approach for alleviating occupational stress in general [34,35] and teacher stress specifically [36,37,38]. Thus, it appears that PA participation is not something that you have to wait until after work; you can and should do it during work. These findings corroborate the crucial role of PA in preventing and mitigating negative stress responses, thereby confirming Salmon’s [39] unifying theory concerning childcare teachers. In the same way, the role of PA in the general health and well-being of teachers during lockdown should be important also, as it has been found that, in those teachers who perform more exercise during leisure time, or more autonomously, it may prevent physical and mental health problems [40].

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, this is the first study to show that COVID-19 has a negative effect on burnout subscales (i.e., emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment) among teachers. In addition, despite the fact that Ramadan may decrease physical activities (i.e., vigorous and moderate MET) among teachers and their significant correlations with emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment, it has been shown that Ramadan has a positive effect on burnout. Ramadan intermittent fasting, along with PA, was highly recommended for teachers and the general population to improve positive emotions and general health.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.S.; methodology, M.S.; software, M.S; validation, M.S. and H.Z.; formal analysis, M.S.; investigation, M.S.; resources, M.S.; data curation, M.S.; writing—original draft preparation, M.S. and H.Z.; writing—review and editing, M.S., F.A. and N.L.B.; project administration, M.S.; funding acquisition, N.L.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study received ethical clearance by the Ethics Committee of Taif University, Saudi Arabia, and by the UNESCO Chair “Health Anthropology Biosphere and Healing Systems,” University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (project code EXERCOGN_023020).

Informed Consent Statement

All participants gave their informed consent to participate in the research.

Data Availability Statement

The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical reasons.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the participants and research support staff involved in this study for their input. Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/170), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Jacqueline, D.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Jude, D.K. The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions, demographic, social, and climatic factors on the initial growth rate of COVID-19: A cross-country study. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 760, 1443252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Tagne Nossi, A.; Tachom Waffo, B.; Ngah Essomba, H.C.; Mvessomba, E.A. Perception du risque lié au COVID-19, intelligence émotionnelle et santé psychologique des soignants [Perception of the risk of COVID-19, emotional intelligence and psychological health of caregivers]. Eur. J. Trauma Dissoc. 2021, 5, 100212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Foucher, R.; Leduc, F. Domaines de Pratique et Compétences Professionnelles des Psychologues du Travail et Desorganisations; Editions Nouvelles: Paris, France, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  4. Morin, E. Prévenir la détresse, certes: Promouvoir le bien-être psychologique, certainement! Le J. Des Psychol. 2010, 283, 38–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Achille, M.A. Définir la santé au travail: Base conceptuelle d’un modèle de la santé au travail. In Concilier Performance Organisationnelle et Santé Psychologique au Travail; Foucher, R., Savoie, A., Brunet, L., Eds.; Éditions Nouvelles: Montréal, QC, USA, 2003; pp. 65–90. [Google Scholar]
  6. Achille, M.A. Définir la santé au travail. II. Un modèle multidimensionnel des indicateurs de la santé au travail. In Concilier Performance Organisationnelle et Santé Psychologique au Travail; Foucher, R., Savoie, A., Brunet, L., Eds.; Éditions Nouvelles: Montréal, QC, USA, 2003; pp. 91–112. [Google Scholar]
  7. Keyes, C.L.M. Complete Mental Health: An Agenda for the 21st Century; Keyes, C.L.M., Haidt, J., Eds.; Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2003; pp. 293–312. [Google Scholar]
  8. Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.K.; Smith, L.E.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Al Lily, A.E.; Ismail, A.F.; Abunasser, F.M.; Alhajhoj, R.H. Distance education as a response to pandemics: Coronavirus and Arab culture. Technol. Soc. 2020, 63, 101317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Zhou, X.; Yao, B. Social support and acute stress symptoms (ASSs) during the COVID-19 outbreak: Deciphering the roles of psychological needs and sense of control. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2020, 11, 1779494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Hu, Z.; Lin, X.; Chiwanda Kaminga, A.; Xu, H. Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on lifestyle behaviors and their association with subjective well-being among the general population in Mainland China: Cross-sectional study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e21176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Bouhlel, E.; Salhi, Z.; Bouhlel, H.; Mdella, S.; Amamou, A.; Zaouali, M.; Mercier, J.; Bigard, X.; Tabka, Z.; Zbidi, A.; et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on fuel oxidation during exercise in trained male rugby players. Diabetes Metab. 2006, 32, 617–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Abaïdia, A.E.; Daab, W.; Bouzid, M.A. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020, 50, 1009–1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Wang, Y.; Wu, R. The Effect of Fasting on Human Metabolism and Psychological Health. Dis. Markers 2022, 2022, 5653739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Ahmed, D.; Ali, I.A.A.; Shaboo, F.H.; Hamid, M.; Bashir, A.; Musa, O. Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Psychological Status Among Healthy Sudanese Adults Living in Khartoum State. J. Med. Health Sci. 2020, 1, 26–31. [Google Scholar]
  16. Erdem, O. The investigation of the effects of Ramadan fasting on the mood state of healthy volunteer persons. Fam. Pract. Pall. Care 2018, 3, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Ammar, A.; Mueller, P.; Trabelsi, K.; Chtourou, H.; Boukhris, O.; Masmoudi, L.; Bouaziz, B.; Brach, M.; Schmicker, M.; Bentlage, E.; et al. Psychologicalconsequences of COVID-19 home confinement: TheECLB-COVID19 multicenter study. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0240204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Slimani, M.; Paravlic, A.; Mbarek, F.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Tod, D. The Relationship between physical activity and quality of life during the confinement induced by COVID-19 outbreak: A pilot study in Tunisia. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Lee, P.H.; Macfarlane, D.J.; Lam, T.H.; Stewart, S.M. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Ainsworth, B.E.; Haskell, W.L.; Whitt, M.C.; Irwin, M.L.; Swartz, A.M.; Strath, S.J.; OBrien, W.L.; Bassett, D.R.; Schmitz, K.H.; Emplaincourt, P.O.; et al. Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000, 32, S498–S504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E.; Leiter, M.P. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 3rd ed.; Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
  22. Al-Dubai, S.A.; Rampal, K.G. Prevalence and associated factors of burnout among doctors in Yemen. J. Occup. Health 2009, 52, 58–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Ibtissam, S.; Hala, S.; Sanaa, S.; Hussein, A.; Nabil, D. Burnout among Lebanese nurses: Psychometric properties of the Maslach burnout inventory-human services survey (MBI-HSS). Health 2012, 2012, 23068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E. The measurement of experienced burnout. J. Organ. Behav. 1981, 2, 99–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Amri, A.; Abidli, Z.; Elhamzaoui, M.; Bouzaboul, M.; Rabea, Z.; Ahami, A.O.T. Assessment of burnout among primary teachers in confinement during the COVID-19 period in Morocco: Case of the Kenitra. Pan. Afr. Med. J. 2020, 35 (Suppl. 2), 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Hinkle, D.E.; Wiersma, W.; Jurs, S.G. Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 5th ed.; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, MA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  27. Qiu, J.; Shen, B.; Zhao, M.; Wang, Z.; Xie, B.; Xu, Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. Gen. Psychiatr. 2020, 33, e100213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Watkins, E.; Serpell, L. The psychological effects of short-term fasting in healthy women. Front. Nutr. 2016, 3, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  29. Nugraha, B.; Ghashang, S.K.; Hamdan, I.; Gutenbrunner, C. Effect of Ramadan fasting on fatigue, mood, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life of healthy young men in summer time in Germany: A prospective controlled study. Appetite 2017, 111, 38–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Hussin, N.M.; Shahar, S.; Teng, N.I.; Ngah, W.Z.; Das, S.K. Efficacy of fasting and calorie restriction (fcr) on mood and depression among ageing men. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2013, 17, 674–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Li, C.; Ostermann, T.; Hardt, M.; Lüdtke, R.; Broecker-Preuss, M.; Dobos, G.; Michalsen, A. Metabolic and psychological response to 7-day fasting in obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome. Forsch. Komplement. 2013, 20, 413–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Carson, R.L.; Baumgartner, J.J.; Matthews, R.A.; Tsouloupas, C.N. Emotional exhaustion, absenteeism, and turnover intentions in childcare teachers: Examining the impact of physical activity behaviors. J. Health Psychol. 2010, 15, 905–914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Ali, A.; Ranjha, A.N.; Bukhari, S.M.H. Relationship between Physical Activity and Burnout among University Faculty in Pakistan. J. Bus. Soc. Rev. Emerg. Econ. 2019, 6, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
  34. Kouvonen, A.; Kivimaki, M.; Elovainio, M.; Virtanen, M.; Linna, A.; Vahtera, J. Job strain and leisuretime physical activity in female and male public sector employees. Prev. Med. 2005, 41, 532–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Tian, J.; Wang, X. Short communication: An epidemiological survey of job stress and health in four occupational populations in Fuzhou city in China. Stress Health 2005, 21, 107–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Austin, V.; Shah, S.; Muncer, S. Teacher stress and coping strategies used to reduce stress. Occup. Ther. Int. 2005, 12, 63–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Blair, S.N.; Collingwood, T.R.; Reynolds, R.; Smith, M.; Hagan, R.D.; Sterling, C.L. Health promotion and educators: Impact of health behaviors, satisfaction, and general well-being. Am. J. Public Health 1984, 74, 147–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  38. Long, B.C. Stress management for school personnel: Stress inoculation training and exercise. Psychol. Sch. 1988, 25, 314–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Salmon, P. Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: A unifying theory. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2001, 21, 33–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Bogaert, I.; De Martelaer, K.; Deforche, B.; Clarys, P.; Zinzen, E. Associations between different types of physical activity and teachers’ perceived mental, physical, and work-related health. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Table
Table 1. Values of physical activity and burnout subscales, broken down according to the timing.
Table 1. Values of physical activity and burnout subscales, broken down according to the timing.
VariableBefore COVID-19Before RamadanDuring RamadanStatistical Significance
Vigorous MET312.98 ± 442.01213.33 ± 256.4949.12 ± 161.95p < 0.001
Moderate MET192.98 ± 238.34168.07 ± 238.6847.01 ± 89.16p < 0.001
Walking MET680.26 ± 823.27536.68 ± 640.48393.97 ± 619.30p = 0.096
Total PA1186.22 ± 1130.68918.08 ± 938.60490.11 ± 652.29p < 0.001
Emotional exhaustion9.01 ± 6.8111.03 ± 6.7614.85 ± 6.79p < 0.001
Personal accomplishment22.82 ± 7.7719.14 ± 6.5222.73 ± 6.97p = 0.008
Depersonalization2.59 ± 3.163.12 ± 3.842.70 ± 3.90p = 0.75
MET, metabolic equivalent of task; PA, physical activity.
Table
Table 2. Correlations between physical activity (PA) levels and burnout subscales among participants during COVID-19 or before Ramadan.
Table 2. Correlations between physical activity (PA) levels and burnout subscales among participants during COVID-19 or before Ramadan.
Total PAVigorous METModerate METWalking METEmotional Exhaustion DepersonalizationPersonal Accomplishment
Total PA1
Vigorous MET0.51 (<0.001)1
Moderate MET0.59 (<0.001)0.23 (0.05)1
Walking MET0.64 (<0.001)0.15 (0.2)0.31 (0.03)1
Emotional exhaustion−0.58 (<0.001)−0.34 (0.004)−0.78 (<0.001)−0.57 (<0.001)1
Depersonalization−0.21 (0.07)−0.23 (0.26)−0.20 (0.06)−0.19 (0.09)0.35 (<0.001)1
Personal accomplishment0.61 (<0.001)0.37 (<0.001)0.84 (<0.001)0.65 (<0.001)−0.68 (<0.001)−0.41 (<0.001)1
MET, metabolic equivalent of task; PA, physical activity.
Table
Table 3. Correlations between physical activity (PA) levels and burnout subscales among participants during Ramadan.
Table 3. Correlations between physical activity (PA) levels and burnout subscales among participants during Ramadan.
Total PAVigorous METModerate METWalking METEmotional Exhaustion DepersonalizationPersonal Accomplishment
Total PA1
Vigorous MET0.66 (<0.001)1
Moderate MET0.67 (<0.001)0.41 (<0.001)1
Walking MET0.72 (<0.001)0.13 (0.3)0.20 (0.13)1
Emotional exhaustion−0.47 (<0.001)−0.32 (0.01)−0.72 (<0.001)−0.45 (<0.001)1
Depersonalization−0.24 (0.06)−0.19 (0.12)−0.25 (0.056)−0.23 (0.08)0.32 (0.002)1
Personal accomplishment0.51 (<0.001)0.32 (0.01)0.76 (<0.001)0.54 (<0.001)−0.61 (<0.001)−0.45 (<0.001)1
MET, metabolic equivalent of task; PA, physical activity.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Slimani, M.; Znazen, H.; Azaiez, F.; Bragazzi, N.L. The Effect of Ramadan and COVID-19 on the Relationship between Physical Activity and Burnout among Teachers. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132648

AMA Style

Slimani M, Znazen H, Azaiez F, Bragazzi NL. The Effect of Ramadan and COVID-19 on the Relationship between Physical Activity and Burnout among Teachers. Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132648

Chicago/Turabian Style

Slimani, Maamer, Hela Znazen, Fairouz Azaiez, and Nicola Luigi Bragazzi. 2022. "The Effect of Ramadan and COVID-19 on the Relationship between Physical Activity and Burnout among Teachers" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132648

APA Style

Slimani, M., Znazen, H., Azaiez, F., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2022). The Effect of Ramadan and COVID-19 on the Relationship between Physical Activity and Burnout among Teachers. Nutrients, 14(13), 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132648

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop