Therapeutic Benefits and Dietary Restrictions of Fiber Intake: A State of the Art Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metabolism of Natural Dietary Fibers (NDF)
3. Natural Dietary Fibers and the Intestinal Microbiome
4. Dietary Fiber Consumption in Different Countries
5. Dietary Fibers and Metabolic Diseases
5.1. Obesity
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- the formation of a mechanical barrier at the intestinal level by increasing the viscosity, which causes a decrease in intestinal transit, a reduction in the absorption of glucose and fatty acids and a decrease in the percentage of adipose tissue;
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- lowering the rate of glucose absorption and reducing the glycemic index of food, reducing the feeling of hunger;
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- soluble dietary fiber influences the gut microbiome by growing saprotrophic bacterial species, having a prebiotic effect; and
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- by fermentative degradation in the colon of the dietary fiber, saturated fatty acids are generated with short chains that contribute to the reduction of body weight by delaying the evacuation of the stomach, followed by the increase of the feeling of satiety and the reduction of insulin sensitivity.
5.2. Diabetes
6. Dietary Fibers and Neurological Impact
7. Dietary Fiber in the Diet and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
8. Autoimmune Diseases
9. The Role of High-Fiber Diets in Cancer Prevention
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- insoluble fiber increases the mass of the fecal bowl, increase intestinal peristalsis and reduce the contact time of toxic compounds with the intestinal mucosa;
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- soluble fiber in particular, but also resistant starch, modify the fecal microorganisms and increase the number of saprotrophic bacteria, which exert a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiome by SCFAs generated by the fermentation process while causing a decrease in pH, thus inhibiting pH-sensitive, potentially pathogenic bacterial species that could lead to potentially carcinogenic compounds;
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- production of butyrate by fermentation of soluble fiber as well as resistant starch delays the proliferation of malignant cells, reduces inflammatory processes and promotes DNA regeneration;
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- reducing the percentage of body fat, contributes to the decrease of estrogen secretion due to decreasing in the number of secretory adipocytes. The consumption of NDF protects against breast and endometrial cancer by binding estrogen to the colon and increasing its fecal elimination. Along with fiber and other constituents of vegetables, fruits and whole grains protect against cancer, especially compounds with an antioxidant action (flavones, polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoid pigments, etc.) [182].
10. Dietary Fiber Consumption Restrictions
11. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Poly-/Oligo-Saccharides Class | Sources | Main Units | References |
---|---|---|---|
Non-Starch Polysaccharides, MU ≥ 10 | |||
Cellulose * | Cereals, pulses—outer layers, root and leafy vegetables, legumes, pears and apples | Glucose monomers | [17] |
Hemicellulose ** | Cereal bran and whole grains (starchy endosperm and aleurone layer), vegetable and fruit cell walls | D-xylose, D-mannose, D-galactose and L-arabinose | [14] |
Mannans and heteromannans | Date, green coffee bean seeds and aloe vera Grain legumes (endosperm) Iris seeds and lily bulbs Norway spruce wood pulp | Mannans *, galactomannans #, glucomannans # and galactoglucomannans | [16] |
Pectins # | Apple and citrus peel (and other fruits), cabbage, whole grains, beetroot and grain legumes | Arabinose, rhamnose, galactose sugars and galacturonic acids | [14] |
Gums | Xanthan gum * Alginates ** Agar-agar ** Carrageenan ** | Pentose and hexoze monomers | [18] |
Mucilages # | Aloe vera, Cactus, Okra, Hibiscus | Main glycoproteins | [16] |
Inulin # and fructans | Jerusalem artichoke, Chicory root, onion and cereal grains | fructofuranosyl residues | [15] |
Non-Digestible (resistant) oligosaccharides, MU = 3–9 | |||
α-galactosides ** | Chickpea, bean, lentil, etc. | Raffinose, stachyose, verbascose | [15] |
β-fructo-oligosaccharides ** | Polymers resulted from polysaccharides hydrolysis (inulin and lactose hydrolysis produce FOS and, respectively, GOS). | β-Fructo- (FOS), α-galacto- (GOS), β-galacto- (TOS), xylo- (XOS), arabino-xylo- (AXOS) oligosaccharides | [15] |
Resistant dextrins ** | cereal-based vegetable milk, baked goods, dairy products and granola bars | Poly-D-glucose | [15] |
Polydextrose ** | Cakes, candies, mixes and frozen desserts and beverages | Poly-D-glucose | [15] |
Resistant Starches * (RS), MU ≥ 10 | |||
RS type 1 | Grains and legumes (whole or partially milled) | physically inaccessible starch | [15] |
RS type 2 | High-amylose starches, green bananas | granular starches | [15] |
RS type 3 | Cooled starches in cooked starchy foods and enzyme-debranched starches | gelatinized and retrograded starches | [19] |
RS type 4 | chemically modified (mainly cross-linked starches) | [15] | |
Associated Substances Non-carbohydrates | |||
Lignin * | Fruits, particularly strawberries and peaches | Coumaryl, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols (aromatic alcohols) | [17] |
Waxes * | Wax is present in rice bran, seed and seed hulls of sunflower | Long alkyl chains | [20] |
Chitins * | Fungus’ cell walls, lobster, crab and shrimp exoskeletons and insects | N-acetylglucosamine | [15] |
Phytates/Phytic acid # | Plant seeds, mainly in legumes, peanuts, cereals and oilseeds and generally found in almost all plant-based foods | - | [21] |
Study Type | Nature of Participants | Duration Administered | Type and Dose of Fiber Administered | Main Findings | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized, double-blind parallel-group design controlled trial | Hypercholesterolemic adults | 6 weeks | 6 g concentrated β-glucan/day | Reduced total and LDL cholesterol | [93] |
Randomized, single-blind, controlled, crossover intervention trial | Impaired glucose tolerance participants | 18 weeks | 15 g arabinoxylan/day | Improved fasting serum glucose | [94] |
Randomized, single-blind, controlled, crossover intervention trial | Healthy and glucose intolerant subjects | one year | 6 g of fiber partially hydrolyzed guar gum with each meal | Reduced postprandial plasma glucose, postprandial insulin, triacylglycerol levels | [95] |
Randomized, single-blind, controlled, crossover intervention trial | Pre and post-menopausal, hypercholesterolemic women | 6 weeks | 5 g psyllium/day | Reduced total cholesterol for post-menopausal women but not in pre-menopausal women | [96] |
Randomized, crossover, a single-blind, dietary intervention | Free-living subjects | 28 days | Control diet: 25 g dietary fiber/day; LKFibre * diet: 55 g dietary fiber/day | Reduced total and LDL cholesterol | [97] |
Clinical trial study | Healthy subjects; type-2-diabetes and pre-diabetics subjects. | 16 weeks | 10 g/day gum Arabic | Decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAc1), decrease fasting blood glucose, health improvement | [98] |
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Ioniță-Mîndrican, C.-B.; Ziani, K.; Mititelu, M.; Oprea, E.; Neacșu, S.M.; Moroșan, E.; Dumitrescu, D.-E.; Roșca, A.C.; Drăgănescu, D.; Negrei, C. Therapeutic Benefits and Dietary Restrictions of Fiber Intake: A State of the Art Review. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2641. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132641
Ioniță-Mîndrican C-B, Ziani K, Mititelu M, Oprea E, Neacșu SM, Moroșan E, Dumitrescu D-E, Roșca AC, Drăgănescu D, Negrei C. Therapeutic Benefits and Dietary Restrictions of Fiber Intake: A State of the Art Review. Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2641. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132641
Chicago/Turabian StyleIoniță-Mîndrican, Corina-Bianca, Khaled Ziani, Magdalena Mititelu, Eliza Oprea, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Elena Moroșan, Denisa-Elena Dumitrescu, Adrian Cosmin Roșca, Doina Drăgănescu, and Carolina Negrei. 2022. "Therapeutic Benefits and Dietary Restrictions of Fiber Intake: A State of the Art Review" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2641. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132641