Mealtime TV Use Is Associated with Higher Discretionary Food Intakes in Young Australian Children: A Two-Year Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Mealtime TV Use
2.3. Intakes of Discretionary Foods, Fruits, and Vegetables
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Socioeconomic Position
2.6. Survey Reliability
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Demographics
3.2. Dietary Outcomes
3.3. Baseline Television Use and Prospective Dietary Outcomes
3.4. Socioeconomic Position
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Non-Responders (n = 406–586) | Responders (n = 398–406) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent characteristics | |||
Highest level of completed schooling n (%) | |||
Less than university equivalent | 161 (30.4%) | 110 (27.6) | - |
University degree equivalent or higher | 369 (69.6%) | 288 (72.4) | 0.34 |
Child characteristics | |||
Age mean (SD) | 2.51 (1.36) | 2.43 (1.31) | 0.37 |
Gender (male) n (%) | 311 (53.1%) | 210 (51.7%) | 0.68 |
Baseline diet mean (SD) | |||
Fruit (serves/day) | 3.68 (0.56) | 3.67 (0.45) | 0.56 |
Veg (serves/day) | 3.45 (0.69) | 3.43 (0.69) | 0.63 |
Discretionary (occasions/day) | 0.98 (0.90) | 0.93 (0.85) | 0.41 |
University Education (n = 219–264) | Non-University Education (n = 75–92) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Discretionary Food | Vegetables | Fruit | Discretionary Food | Vegetables | Fruit | |||||||
(Frequency/Day) | (Serves/Day) | (Serves/Day) | (Frequency/Day) | (Serves/day) | (Serves/Day) | |||||||
β (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Daily | 0.21 (0.1–0.32) | <0.01 | 0.86 (0.58–1.26) | 0.43 | 0.78 (0.51–1.20) | 0.26 | 0.08 (−0.08–0.24) | 0.33 | 0.86 (0.52–1.43) | 0.57 | 0.94 (0.54–0.61) | 0.813 |
Never or <1 day per week (reference) | ||||||||||||
Breakfast | ||||||||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.39 (0.08–0.70) | 0.01 | 0.78 (0.26–2.78) | 0.65 | 0.64 (0.19–2.24) | 0.49 | 0.32 (−0.10–0.74) | 0.14 | 1.40 (0.35–5.71) | 0.47 | 1.66 (0.33–8.44) | 0.54 |
3–7 days per week | 0.23 (0.02–0.43) | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.49–2.05) | 0.99 | 0.61 (0.28–1.35) | 0.22 | 0.17 (−0.20–0.54) | 0.36 | 1.01 (0.31–3.22) | 0.99 | 1.08 (0.30–3.89) | 0.12 |
Lunch | ||||||||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.04 (−0.23–0.31) | 0.29 | 1.02 (0.37–2.76) | 0.97 | 0.49 (0.17–1.39) | 0.18 | −0.06 (−0.50–0.37) | 0.78 | 0.31 (0.06–1.53) | 0.15 | 1.84 (0.31–10.82) | 0.50 |
3–7 days per week | 0.39 (0.10–0.69) | 0.01 | 0.68 (0.25–1.87) | 0.46 | 0.39 (1.33–1.11) | 0.08 | 0.21 (0.38–0.87) | 0.36 | 0.56 (0.11–2.77) | 0.48 | 0.46 (1.08–2.51) | 0.37 |
Dinner | ||||||||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.24 (0.01–0.48) | 0.05 | 0.82 (0.35–1.92) | 0.65 | 0.41 (0.17–1.02) | 0.05 | 0.09 (−0.26–0.45) | 0.60 | 0.49 (0.15–1.58) | 0.23 | 0.93 (0.27–3.23) | 0.90 |
3–7 days per week | 0.22 (−0.02–0.46) | 0.07 | 0.56 (0.24–1.29) | 0.18 | 0.54 (0.20–1.42) | 0.21 | 0.05 (−0.34–0.45) | 0.27 | 0.61 (0.18–2.10) | 0.43 | 1.43 (0.34–6.00) | 0.63 |
Snacks | ||||||||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.10 (−0.15–0.34) | 0.44 | 0.90 (0.37–2.19) | 0.81 | 0.86 (0.34–2.22) | 0.76 | −0.26 (−0.70–0.18) | 0.24 | 0.39 (0.08–1.99) | 0.26 | 0.81 (0.13–5.07) | 0.82 |
3–7 days per week | 0.21 (−0.03–0.44) | 0.08 | 0.82 (0.38–1.78) | 0.62 | 1.01 (0.42–2.45) | 0.98 | 0.06 (−0.35–0.46) | 0.78 | 0.38 (0.09–1.54) | 0.18 | 0.40 (0.09–1.89) | 0.25 |
Appendix B. List of Discretionary Food Items Assessed
- i.
- Hot chips, French fries, wedges, or fried potatoes?
- ii.
- Potato crisps or other salty snacks (such as Twisties, corn chips, or Barbecue Shapes)?
- iii.
- Meals or snacks such as burgers, pies, pizza, chicken, or chips from places like McDonald’s, Hungry Jack’s, Pizza Hut, KFC, Red Rooster, or local takeaway food places?
- iv.
- Cakes, muffins, scones, muesli bars, or sweet biscuits?
- v.
- Chocolate, sweets, or lollies?
- vi.
- Soft drink, cordial, sports drinks, or fruit juice drinks?
- i.
- Never or less than once a month
- ii.
- 1–3 times a month
- iii.
- Once a week
- iv.
- 2–4 times a week
- v.
- 5–6 times a week
- vi.
- Once a day
- vii.
- 2 or more times per day
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n (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Parent education | Below university equivalent | 97 (26) |
University degree | 272 (74) | |
Child gender | Male | 192 (52) |
Female | 177 (48) | |
Child age (years) mean (SD) | Baseline | 2.5 (1) |
Follow-up | 4.3 (1) | |
Eating location (baseline) | ||
Breakfast (n = 359) | Sub-optimal | 83 (23) |
Optimal | 276 (77) | |
Lunch (n = 304) | Sub-optimal | 80 (26) |
Optimal | 224 (74) | |
Dinner (n = 365) | Sub-optimal | 53 (15) |
Optimal | 312 (86) | |
Snacks (n = 317) | Sub-optimal | 226 (71) |
Optimal | 91 (29) | |
Family meal frequency (baseline) | ||
Breakfast (n = 368) | never | 22 (6) |
1–2 days | 46 (13) | |
3–7 days | 300 (82) | |
Lunch (n = 365) | never | 15 (4) |
1–2 days | 58 (16) | |
3–7 days | 292 (80) | |
Dinner (n = 365) | never | 19 (5) |
1–2 days | 26 (7) | |
3–7 days | 320 (88) | |
Snacks (n = 361) | never | 28 (8) |
1–2 days | 69 (19) | |
3–7 days | 264 (73) | |
Mealtime TV use frequency (baseline) | ||
Breakfast (ICC 0.96) | never | 234 (63) |
1–2 days | 38 (10) | |
3–7 days | 97 (26) | |
Lunch (ICC 0.88) | never | 254 (69) |
1–2 days | 57 (16) | |
3–7 days | 58 (16) | |
Dinner (ICC 0.77) | never | 246 (67) |
1–2 days | 62 (17) | |
3–7 days | 61 (17) | |
Snacks (ICC 0.77) | never | 154 (42) |
1–2 days | 88 (24) | |
3–7 days | 127 (34) | |
Summed daily frequency | mean = 0.7 SD = 0.8 | range 1–4 |
Discretionary Food | Daily Vegetable Intakes | Daily Fruit Intakes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Daily Frequency) | (≥2 Serves/Day) | (≥2 Serves/Day) | ||||
β (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Daily mealtime TV use (frequency/day) | 0.16 (0.07–0.25) a | <0.01 | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) b | 0.32 | 0.79 (0.58–1.10) b | 0.11 |
Breakfast TV use | ||||||
<1 day per week | (REF) | |||||
1–2 days per week | 0.27 (0.03–0.51) | 0.03 | 1.04 (0.47–2.30) | 0.91 | 0.74 (0.30–1.86) | 0.52 |
3–7 days per week | 0.19 (0.01–0.36) | 0.03 | 0.87 (.51–1.49) | 0.62 | 0.58 (0.32–1.06) | 0.08 |
Lunch TV use | ||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.09 (−0.11–0.30) | 0.36 | 0.79 (0.41–1.50) | 0.46 | 0.67 (0.33–1.37) | 0.27 |
3–7 days per week | 0.30 (0.10–0.51) | <0.01 | 0.79 (0.41–1.50) | 0.46 | 0.47 (0.24–0.95) | 0.04 |
Dinner TV use | ||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.20 (0.00–0.39) | 0.05 | 0.66 (0.36–1.25) | 0.20 | 0.48 (0.24–0.95) | 0.03 |
3–7 days per week | 0.15 (−0.05–0.35) | 0.13 | 0.56 (0.30–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.71 (0.34–1.50) | 0.37 |
Snack time TV use | ||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.00 (−0.19–0.19) | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.44–1.49) | 0.50 | 0.66 (0.32–1.37) | 0.27 |
3–7 days per week | 0.21 (0.03–0.39) | 0.02 | 0.84 (0.49–1.44) | 0.53 | 0.57 (0.30–1.06) | 0.08 |
Discretionary Food | Daily Vegetable Intakes | Daily Fruit Intakes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Daily Frequency) | (≥2 Serves/Day) | (≥2 Serves/Day) | ||||
β (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Daily mealtime TV use (frequency/day) | 0.16 (0.07–0.67) a | <0.01 | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) b | 0.24 | 0.85 (0.61–1.8) b | 0.33 |
Breakfast TV use | ||||||
≤1 day per week | (REF) | |||||
1–2 days per week | 0.36 (0.12–0.60) | <0.01 | 0.92 (0.39–2.19) | 0.86 | 0.96 (0.35–2.58) | 0.93 |
3–7 days per week | 0.18 (0.02–0.37) | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.55–1.84) | 0.99 | 0.73 (0.37–1.44) | 0.37 |
Lunch TV use | ||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.01 (−0.22–0.24) | 0.90 | 0.77 (0.34–1.71) | 0.52 | 0.85 (0.35–2.03) | 0.71 |
3–7 days per week | 0.31 (0.07–0.55) | 0.01 | 0.73 (0.33–1.63) | 0.45 | 0.46 (0.20–1.08) | 0.08 |
Dinner TV use | ||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.19 (0.00–0.39) | 0.05 | 0.68 (0.35–1.33) | 0.26 | 0.58 (0.28–1.21) | 0.15 |
3–7 days per week | 0.15 (−0.05–0.35) | 0.13 | 0.56 (0.29–1.10) | 0.09 | 0.84 (0.37–1.90) | 0.66 |
Snacks TV use | ||||||
1–2 days per week | 0.00 (−0.22–0.21) | 0.98 | 0.78 (0.36–1.70) | 0.54 | 0.85 (0.37–1.97) | 0.71 |
3–7 days per week | 0.16 (−0.04–0.36) | 0.13 | 0.66 (0.36–1.30) | 0.22 | 0.75 (0.36–1.59) | 0.45 |
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Litterbach, E.-k.; Zheng, M.; Campbell, K.J.; Laws, R.; Spence, A.C. Mealtime TV Use Is Associated with Higher Discretionary Food Intakes in Young Australian Children: A Two-Year Prospective Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132606
Litterbach E-k, Zheng M, Campbell KJ, Laws R, Spence AC. Mealtime TV Use Is Associated with Higher Discretionary Food Intakes in Young Australian Children: A Two-Year Prospective Study. Nutrients. 2022; 14(13):2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132606
Chicago/Turabian StyleLitterbach, Eloise-kate, Miaobing Zheng, Karen J. Campbell, Rachel Laws, and Alison C. Spence. 2022. "Mealtime TV Use Is Associated with Higher Discretionary Food Intakes in Young Australian Children: A Two-Year Prospective Study" Nutrients 14, no. 13: 2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132606