Increased Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Low Grip Strength in Elderly Korean Females
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. General Characteristics
2.2.2. Grip Strength
2.2.3. Assessment of Fat Intake
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Energy Distribution and Fat Intakes
3.3. Relationship between EPA + DHA Intake and Grip Strength
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male (n = 2449) | Female (n = 3080) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<AI (n = 1716) | ≥AI (n = 733) | p Value | <AI (n = 2079) | ≥AI (n = 1001) | p Value | ||
Age (years) | 72.67 ± 0.14 | 72.17 ± 0.22 | 0.0578 | 73.26 ± 0.14 | 72.04 ± 0.19 | <0.0001 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.72 ± 0.08 | 23.99 ± 0.12 | 0.0545 | 24.43 ± 0.08 | 24.20 ± 0.12 | 0.1026 | |
Grip strength (kg) | 33.13 ± 0.21 | 34.37 ± 0.30 | 0.0010 | 19.89 ± 0.14 | 20.98 ± 0.17 | <0.0001 | |
BMI distribution | <23 kg/m2 | 701 (40.08) | 257 (37.09) | 0.3442 | 732 (35.13) | 367 (37.57) | 0.4066 |
≥23 and <25 kg/m2 | 465 (28.20) | 205 (27.91) | 509 (24.66) | 248 (25.00) | |||
≥25 kg/m2 | 550 (31.73) | 271 (34.99) | 838 (40.21) | 386 (37.43) | |||
Household income | Quartile 1 (Low) | 733 (41.94) | 229 (30.10) | <0.0001 | 1134 (52.55) | 452 (42.77) | <0.0001 |
Quartile 2 | 531 (30.15) | 232 (31.63) | 525 (24.81) | 275 (28.11) | |||
Quartile 3 | 271 (16.78) | 154 (21.96) | 258 (14.49) | 153 (16.01) | |||
Quartile 4 (High) | 171 (11.13) | 111 (16.31) | 152 (8.15) | 116 (13.11) | |||
Education level | ≤Elementary school | 699 (42.48) | 207 (30.44) | <0.0001 | 1437 (73.77) | 602 (60.46) | <0.0001 |
Middle school | 279 (17.36) | 129 (19.24) | 218 (11.22) | 141 (14.77) | |||
High school | 384 (24.71) | 201 (29.02) | 180 (10.54) | 141 (16.73) | |||
≥College | 235 (15.45) | 140 (21.30) | 69 (4.47) | 63 (8.05) | |||
Marital status | Married | 1489 (87.26) | 650 (90.01) | 0.0983 | 1016 (47.78) | 545 (54.39) | 0.0038 |
Others | 227 (12.74) | 83 (9.99) | 1063 (52.22) | 456 (45.61) | |||
Current smoking | Yes | 306 (18.00) | 126 (18.05) | 0.9816 | 42 (2.32) | 23 (2.81) | 0.4902 |
Drinking | Yes | 987 (58.40) | 435 (61.87) | 0.1623 | 366 (18.70) | 182 (19.17) | 0.7907 |
Walking activity | Yes | 646 (42.10) | 305 (48.02) | 0.0255 | 599 (31.93) | 345 (38.55) | 0.0026 |
Muscle exercise activity | Yes | 439 (28.41) | 208 (31.66) | 0.1818 | 152 (8.49) | 99 (12.31) | 0.0073 |
Male (n = 2449) | Female (n = 3080) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<AI (n = 1716) | ≥AI (n = 733) | p Value | <AI (n = 2079) | ≥AI (n = 1001) | p Value | |
Energy (kcal) | 1934.95 ± 29.09 | 2106.65 ± 37.99 | <0.0001 | 1467.21 ± 29.91 | 1694.34 ± 33.11 | <0.0001 |
Energy distribution | ||||||
Carbohydrate (%) | 69.47 ± 0.44 | 66.65 ± 0.48 | <.0001 | 69.40 ± 0.75 | 65.40 ± 0.75 | <0.0001 |
Protein (%) | 13.86 ± 0.16 | 16.16 ± 0.20 | <.0001 | 13.32 ± 0.25 | 15.45 ± 0.27 | <0.0001 |
Fat (%) | 16.67 ± 0.35 | 17.18 ± 0.38 | 0.2020 | 17.28 ± 0.58 | 19.14 ± 0.57 | <0.0001 |
PUFA (%) 1 | 4.53 ± 0.11 | 5.29 ± 0.13 | <0.0001 | 4.84 ± 0.21 | 5.71 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 |
MUFA (%) 1 | 5.12 ± 0.14 | 5.25 ± 0.15 | 0.4280 | 5.22 ± 0.22 | 5.86 ± 0.21 | <0.0001 |
SFA (%) 1 | 5.25 ± 0.13 | 4.87 ± 0.14 | 0.0047 | 5.42 ± 0.18 | 5.64 ± 0.18 | 0.0742 |
Omega-3 PUFA (%) 1 | 0.74 ± 0.03 | 1.30 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 | 0.78 ± 0.06 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | <0.0001 |
Omega-6 PUFA (%) 1 | 3.81 ± 0.10 | 3.99 ± 0.10 | 0.0857 | 4.07 ± 0.18 | 4.46 ± 0.18 | 0.0003 |
Total fat (g) | 35.90 ± 1.06 | 39.07 ± 1.18 | 0.0049 | 29.17 ± 1.23 | 35.50 ± 1.33 | <0.0001 |
Total PUFA (g) 1 | 9.76 ± 0.32 | 11.97 ± 0.38 | <0.0001 | 8.07 ± 0.43 | 10.48 ± 0.42 | <0.0001 |
Total MUFA (g) 1 | 11.15 ± 0.40 | 11.97 ± 0.42 | 0.0474 | 8.91 ± 0.43 | 10.92 ± 0.47 | <0.0001 |
Total SFA (g) 1 | 11.18 ± 0.36 | 11.05 ± 0.39 | 0.7261 | 9.17 ± 0.37 | 10.49 ± 0.41 | <0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg) | 172.10 ± 6.11 | 252.68 ± 9.96 | <0.0001 | 132.33 ± 8.04 | 222.13 ± 8.62 | <0.0001 |
α-linolenic acid (mg) | 1386.12 ± 65.18 | 1580.24 ± 80.88 | 0.0203 | 1203.79 ± 90.73 | 1567.50 ± 87.42 | <0.0001 |
EPA+DHA (mg) 1 | 141.76 ± 33.61 | 1120.07 ± 74.88 | <0.0001 | 20.55 ± 22.98 | 564.09 ± 27.73 | <0.0001 |
Total omega-3 PUFA (g) 1 | 1.57 ± 0.08 | 2.87 ± 0.12 | <0.0001 | 1.25 ± 0.10 | 2.23 ± 0.09 | <0.0001 |
Total omega-6 PUFA (g) 1 | 8.22 ± 0.28 | 9.09 ± 0.32 | 0.0018 | 6.83 ± 0.37 | 8.26 ± 0.37 | <0.0001 |
Ratio of omega-6/omega-3 PUFA | 7.68 ± 0.30 | 4.13 ± 0.22 | <0.0001 | 7.20 ± 0.28 | 4.18 ± 0.25 | <.0001 |
Male (n = 2449) | Female (n = 3080) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Grip Strength (n = 340) | Normal Grip Strength (n = 2109) | p Value | Low Grip Strength (n = 957) | Normal Grip Strength (n = 2123) | p Value | |
Total fat (g) | 35.26 ± 1.72 | 37.24 ± 0.97 | 0.1766 | 31.06 ± 1.47 | 32.27 ± 1.21 | 0.1891 |
Total PUFA (g) 1 | 10.05 ± 0.60 | 10.61 ± 0.30 | 0.2917 | 8.91 ± 0.52 | 9.21 ± 0.40 | 0.3376 |
Total MUFA (g) 1 | 10.96 ± 0.63 | 11.50 ± 0.35 | 0.3224 | 9.58 ± 0.51 | 9.88 ± 0.43 | 0.3457 |
Total SFA (g) 1 | 10.71 ± 0.52 | 11.19 ± 0.33 | 0.2677 | 9.55 ± 0.44 | 9.82 ± 0.36 | 0.3554 |
Total cholesterol (mg) | 196.11 ± 14.08 | 201.14 ± 6.19 | 0.7143 | 163.32 ± 9.49 | 175.14 ± 8.12 | 0.0576 |
α-linolenic acid (mg) | 1321.49 ± 119.54 | 1471.33 ± 58.72 | 0.1642 | 1363.79 ± 105.97 | 1368.11 ± 83.56 | 0.9573 |
EPA + DHA (mg) 1 | 462.81 ± 58.99 | 490.68 ± 51.08 | 0.5574 | 236.73 ± 28.93 | 272.15 ± 25.7 | 0.1166 |
Total omega-3 PUFA (g) 1 | 1.88 ± 0.15 | 2.04 ± 0.08 | 0.2052 | 1.65 ± 0.11 | 1.70 ± 0.09 | 0.6014 |
Total omega-6 PUFA (g) 1 | 8.17 ± 0.50 | 8.57 ± 0.26 | 0.3601 | 7.27 ± 0.45 | 7.52 ± 0.35 | 0.3258 |
Ratio of omega-6/omega-3 PUFA 1 | 6.61 ± 0.40 | 6.40 ± 0.28 | 0.6467 | 6.09 ± 0.28 | 5.78 ± 0.26 | 0.2481 |
Male | Female | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | ||||||
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | ||
EPA and DHA 1 | <AI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
intake | ≥AI | 0.687 (0.511–0.923) | 0.0129 | 1.291 (0.900–1.853) | 0.1644 | 0.631 (0.520–0.765) | <0.0001 | 0.777 (0.616–0.979) | 0.0322 |
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Bae, Y.-J.; Cui, X.-S.; Shin, S.-H. Increased Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Low Grip Strength in Elderly Korean Females. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122374
Bae Y-J, Cui X-S, Shin S-H. Increased Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Low Grip Strength in Elderly Korean Females. Nutrients. 2022; 14(12):2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122374
Chicago/Turabian StyleBae, Yun-Jung, Xiang-Shun Cui, and Seung-Ho Shin. 2022. "Increased Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Low Grip Strength in Elderly Korean Females" Nutrients 14, no. 12: 2374. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122374